Table 1 Confirmatory factor analysis of items used to measure the antecedent variables

COVID fatigue (AVE = 0.61, CR = 0.89)

 I’m tired of following COVID lockdowns and quarantine

0.76

 I’m strained from following all the COVID recommendations

0.71

 I’m losing my spirit in the fight against COVID-19

0.69

 I’m tired of COVID-19 discussions

0.88

 I’m sick of hearing about COVID-19

0.85

Fatalism about getting COVID-19 (AVE = 0.60, CR = 0.82)

 Other countries’ “lying flat” COVID policies make it difficult for us to

achieve zero-COVID

0.85

 Other countries’ COVID policies make me feel helpless

0.79

 The Omicron variant is too infectious and difficult to control

0.67

Liberty (AVE = 0.64, CR = 0.84)

 People should be free to decide what they want to follow

0.80

 People should be free to enjoy their life as they see fit

0.91

 The government should not interfere too much in our everyday lives

0.67

Collectivism (AVE = 0.45, CR = 0.71)

 Everyone should contribute to their group

0.65

 I feel good when I cooperate with others

0.66

 Everyone should make some sacrifices for a better world

0.69