Table 1 General characteristics of included studies (n = 9)

*Goodall et al. (2014)

[21]

United Kingdom

Adults from deprived communities at risk of CVD

114

Intervention group

= 53.7 ± 12.5

Control group

= 52.6 ± 14.2

Recruitment letter to eligible adults on practice list

Baseline & 6-month follow-up

Koniak-Griffin et al. (2015)

[22]

United States

Low-income, overweight, immigrant Latino women

223

44.6 ± 7.9

Parent education centres, churches, laundromats, and organisations providing basic services to children and families.

Baseline, 6- & 9-month follow-ups

Gómez-Pardo et al. (2016) [23]; Fernández-Alvira et al. (2021) [24]

Spain

Adults at risk of CVD

543

42 ± 6

Multicentre in 7 municipalities

Screening, baseline, 1-year & 2-year follow-ups

He et al. (2017)

[25]

Argentina

Low-income adults with uncontrolled hypertension

1432

Intervention group

= 56.1 ± 13.6

Control group

= 55.5 ± 13.0

Primary health care centres

Baseline, 6-month, 12-month & 18-month follow-ups

Wijesuriya et al. (2017) [26]

Sri Lanka

Urban healthy participants at high risk of CVD

3539 (1814 aged above 18 years old)

Mean (range)

Intervention group

= 22.5 (6–40)

Control group

= 22.4 (7–40)

National Diabetes Centre

Baseline & end-point evaluation with median 3 years of follow-up

Neupane et al. (2018)

[27]

Nepal

Adults in a low-income population

1638

Normotension

Intervention group

= 42.17 ± 9.79

Control group

= 42.25 ± 9.52

Prehypertension

Intervention group

= 46.02 ± 9.73

Control group

= 45.15 ± 9.92

Hypertension

Intervention group

= 50.12 ± 8.99

Control group

= 50.28 ± 8.14

Community-based survey using voter list

Baseline & 1 year follow-up

Joshi et al.

(2019)

[28]

India

Adults from rural households with intermediate to high risk of CVD

2312 households

(3261 individuals)

Intervention group

= 61.7 ± 10.23

Control group

= 61.7 ± 10.38

Rural households

Baseline, 12-month & 18-month follow-ups

Khetan et al. (2019)

[29]

India

Adults with CVD risk factor(s)

1242

Intervention group

= 52.1 ± 9.6

Control group

= 51.7 ± 9.8

Homes

Baseline & 2-year follow-up

Gamage et al. (2020)

[30]

India

Adults from rural regions with hypertension

1734

Intervention group

= 56.6 ± 14.3

Control group

= 56.9 ± 13.7

Community-based survey

Baseline & 5-month follow- up

Latina et al.

(2020)

[31]

Grenada

Adults from a small, middle-income country at high risk of CVD

402

51.4 ± 14.5

Parishes

Baseline, 6-month & 12-month follow-ups

*McEvoy et al. (2021)

[32]

Northern Ireland

Non-Mediterranean population at

high risk of CVD

75

57.1 ± 6.7

Advertisements at multiple locations

Baseline, 3-, 6- & 12-month follow-ups

*O’Neill et al.

(2022)

[33]

Northern Ireland

Established community groups with members at increased CVD risk

4 groups

(31 participants)

Peer support group

= 54.6 ± 8.7

Minimal support group

= 63.5 ± 12.1

Community organisations

Baseline, 3-, 6- & 12-month follow-ups

Nelson et al. (2023)

[34]

United States

Low-income veterans with multiple CVD risks

264

Intervention group

= 60.3 ± 9.7

Control group

= 60.9 ± 9.8

Administrative data from Veterans Health Administration primary care

Baseline & 12-month follow-up

Shah et al. (2023) [35]

United States

South Asians immigrants with T2DM and comorbid hypertension

190

Mean (95% CI)

Intervention group

= 56.2 (53.7, 58.7)

Control group

= 55.7 (53.4, 57.9)

Clinics and community-based referral

Baseline & 6-month follow-up