Trends in psychosomatic symptoms among adolescents and the role of lifestyle factors

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Description of the 15-year-old adolescents’ lifestyle behaviors and their changes over years from 2002 to 2018, in Total and by FAS§

	2002 (%) (X) (Reference)	2006 (%)	2010 (%)	2014 (%)	2018 (%) (Y)	Difference in %^†
Regular breakfast (Total)	81.8	80.5	79.8	79.4	77.1**	-5.7
Low FAS	74.4	74.9	69.6	74.2	63.5***	-14.7
High FAS	84.0	81.7	81.5	81.0	80.3	-4.4
Physically active (Total)	31.7	34.3	54.9***	38.6	36.8*	16.1
Low FAS	27.0	28.2	47.2***	31.8	26.7*	-1.1
High FAS	33.3	35.4	56.2***	40.7	39.2	17.7
‡Healthy dietary habit (Total)	35.5	35.0	34.4	36.1	38.7*	9.0
Low FAS	37.1	33.1	29.7	36.1	35.9	-3.2
High FAS	35.0	35.4	35.2	36.3	39.3*	12.3
Fruits (Total)	22.1	27.9 ***	24.3	21.4**	23.6	6.8
Low FAS	20.4	27.1	20.6	19.0	23.8	16.7
High FAS	22.7	28.2**	24.9	22.1**	23.7	4.4
Vegetables (Total)	29.7	34.2 *	34.4	38.6***	42.0**	41.4
Low FAS	25.4	33.1*	30.1	32.8	34.4	35.4
High FAS	31.2	34.4	35.1	40.4***	43.8***	40.4
Sweets (Total)	19.2	19.2	20.5	18.8	14.3***	-25.5
Low FAS	19.8	16.4	24.5*	22.4	21.0	6.1
High FAS	19.0	19.8	19.8	17.5	12.7***	-33.2
Soft drinks (Total)	15.8	19.8**	20.1*	18.8	14.1***	-10.8
Low FAS	14.4	17.1	20.6	18.9	18.1	25.7
High FAS	16.2	20.4	20.0	18.7	13.0	-19.8
Smoking (Total)	23.8	13.0***	20.2	11.3***	11.5***	-51.7
Low FAS	21.8	11.3***	24.7**	11.7***	13.1	-39.9
High FAS	24.4	13.3***	19.4	10.8***	11.1***	-54.5
Drunkenness (Total)	38.6	26.1 ***	24.0***	16.4 ***	11.4***	-70.5
Low FAS	34.8	22.2***	20.1**	14.9***	11.9***	-65.8
High FAS	39.9	26.9***	24.7***	16.8***	11.2***	-71.9

***/**/* = indicate significant proportion difference between the value at a specific survey year & means of the previous years at p <.001/0.01/0.05, respectively. Family Affluence Scale is a composite of four measures of family affluence (family car ownership, own bedroom, family holidays, and family computer ownership) [37], and dichotomized in each wave of data using standard deviations (low SES; ≤ -1 SD, high SES; > -1 SD)
§ Reverse Helmert Contrast was used to estimate the changes in the proportion of adolescents’ lifestyle behaviors over the years of survey. Reverse Helmert Contrast is a statistical technique that compares the value of a variable at given level with the mean of the previous level(s) [48]
†The difference is calculated using the formula: \( \left(\frac{(Y-X)}{X}*100\right)\) and significant differences are presented in bold
‡Healthy dietary habit is a composite indicator from: fruits, vegetables, sweets & soft drinks

ISSN: 1471-2458