Table 3 Multiple linear regression analysis predicting DHL (N = 702)

 Male

Ref

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Female

−0.034

0.351

1.07

–

–

–

–

–

–

− 0.03

0.414

1.24

 18–34

Ref

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ref

–

–

 35–49

−0.086

0.02

1.106

–

–

–

–

–

–

−0.08

0.033

1.275

 50–64

−0.147

< 0.001

1.375

–

–

–

–

–

–

−0.161

< 0.001

1.624

  ≥ 65

−0.141

< 0.001

1.149

–

–

–

–

–

–

−0.138

< 0.001

1.199

 Middle school and below

Ref

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ref

–

–

 High School or technical secondary school

0.116

0.062

3.126

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.111

0.063

3.251

 Bachelor’s or associate degree

0.336

< 0.001

5.346

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.255

0.002

5.883

 Master’s degree and above

0.35

< 0.001

3.573

–

–

–

0.256

< 0.001

4.105

The number of digital devices used (0–3)

–

–

–

0.233

< 0.001

1.298

–

–

–

0.129

0.001

1.466

 Watching movies & TV

–

–

–

0.078

0.042

1.188

–

–

–

0.049

0.183

1.232

 Watching short-form videos

–

–

–

−0.053

0.153

1.092

–

–

–

0

0.99

1.146

 Online social

–

–

–

0.047

0.259

1.407

–

–

–

−0.003

0.942

1.543

 Online shopping

–

–

–

0.036

0.37

1.337

–

–

–

0.027

0.505

1.511

 Online games

–

–

–

0.063

0.112

1.274

–

–

–

0.027

0.495

1.382

 Reading novels online

–

–

–

0.047

0.222

1.182

–

–

–

0.055

0.129

1.215

 Information searching

–

–

–

0.056

0.167

1.34

–

–

–

−0.002

0.964

1.438

 Study/work

–

–

–

0.066

0.093

1.244

–

–

–

0.043

0.251

1.296

Average frequency of health-related Internet usage (1–5)

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.181

< 0.001

1.056

0.192

< 0.001

1.112

 No

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

–

–

–

–

–

–

0.108

0.004

1.056

0.103

0.006

1.294