Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics and comparisons of DHL scores among subgroups (n = 702)

 Male

291 (41.5)

−2.245^a

0.025

 Female

411 (58.5)

 18–34

538 (76.6)

82.610^b

<0.001

 35–49

93 (13.2)

 50–64

56 (8.0)

  ≥ 65

15 (2.1)

 Middle school and below

41 (5.8)

31.913^c

<0.001

 High School or technical secondary school

101 (14.4)

 Bachelor’s or associate degree

464 (66.1)

 Master’s degree and above

96 (13.7)

 Students

285 (40.7)

62.392^b

<0.001

 Health care professionals

126 (18.0)

 State agency workers

47 (6.7)

 Farmer/Worker

64 (9.1)

 Corporate/business staff

52 (7.4)

 Merchant/Service Staff

36 (5.1)

 Professional and technical staff

75 (10.7)

 Others

15 (2.1)