Table 1 Model associations between smoke exposure indicators and the risk of anemia/hemoglobin levels
Smoke Exposure Indicators | Anemia Risk | Hemoglobin level | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude PR (95%CI) | Adjusted PR (95%CI) | Crude β(95%CI) | Adjusted β (95%CI) | |
Any Smoke Exposure | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.98 (0.69–1.40) | -0.35 (-0.85-0.15) | -0.56 (-1.19-0.08) |
Smoke Exposure Indicators at home | ||||
Any smoke exposure at home | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | 1.03 (0.69–1.53) | 0.43 (-0.17-1.02) | 0.32 (-0.38-1.02) |
Household garbage burning | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.02 (0.72–1.42) | 1.06 (0.76–1.49) | 0.43 (-0.17- 1.02) | 0.36 (-0.20- 0.92) |
Number of different type of wastes burnt by the household | ||||
0 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
1 or 2 | 1.15 (1.09–1.13) | 1.14 (0.99–1.28) | 0.73 (-0.04- 1.50) | -0.01 (-0.97–0.99) |
3+ | 1.21 (1.00-1.26) | 1.16 (1.01–1.63) | 0.05 (-0.79- 0.90) | -0.14 (-0.77–0.05) |
p-trend | 0.0068 | 0.0082 | ||
Do you burn mosquito coil indoors | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.04 (0.91–1.99) | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 0.09 (-0.37- 0.54) | -0.10 (-0.53-0.34) |
Current cigarette smoker | ||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes, almost daily | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | -1.36 (-2.06- -0.67) | -1.40 (-2.01- -0.79) |
Yes, at least once in a month | 0.63 (0.47–0.84) | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | -1.30 (-1.94- -0.67) | -1.14 (-1.79- -0.48) |
p-for-trend | 0.0002 | 0.0131 | ||
Exposed to SHS | ||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes, almost daily | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 0.89 (0.64–1.25) | -0.78 (-1.34–0.23) | -0.77 (-1.30–0.24) |
Yes, at least once in a month | 0.61 (0.42–0.90) | 0.80 (0.41–1.56) | -0.50 (-1.04-0.04) | -0.34 (-0.85-0.17) |
p-for-trend | 0.0054 | 0.5042 | ||
Fuel stacking | ||||
Clean stacking | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Mixed stacking | 1.31 (1.14–1.49) | 1.27 (1.07–1.50) | -0.09 (-0.65- -0.84) | -0.93 (-1.33- -0.21) |
Dirty stacking | 1.71 (1.30–2.23) | 1.65 (1.19–2.25) | -0.80 (-1.28- -0.32) | -1.04 (-1.60- -0.48) |
p-for-trend | 0.0008 | 0.0062 | ||
Frequency of cooking | ||||
1–2 times in a month | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
1–3 times in a week | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.92 (0.61–1.38) | -1.49 (-2.17- -0.81) | -1.04 (-1.69- -0.41) |
Almost daily | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | -1.61 (-2.30–0.92) | -1.38 (-2.03- -0.73) |
p-for-trend | 0.008 | 0.6835 | ||
Average duration of cooking | ||||
≤ 4 h | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
>4 h | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | 1.35 (0.66–2.76) | 0.71 (-0.52- 1.94) | 1.46 (0.29–2.62) |
Location where cooking was done | ||||
Outdoor, in an open area/under a shed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Enclosed space | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) | 0.85 (0.62–1.17) | -1.43 (-1.91- -0.95) | -1.24 (-1.73- -0.75) |
Combined area | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) | 0.92 (0.79–1.08) | 1.09 (0.36–1.83) | 0.55 (-0.20- 1.29) |
p-for-trend | 0.0004 | 0.3123 | ||
Time spent in the kitchen | ||||
At most a quarter of the time | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Half of duration | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) | -0.69 (-1.36- -0.01) | -0.93 (-1.56- 0.31) |
Whole duration | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 0.90 (0.59–1.36) | 0.18 (-0.50- 0.85) | -0.65 (-1.31- 0.01) |
p-for-trend | 0.6091 | |||
Smoke Exposure Indicator in the neighborhood | ||||
Any smoke exposure indicator in the neighbourhood | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 0.90 (0.64–1.27) | -0.67 (-1.12- -0.22) | -0.84 (-1.43- -0.25) |
How often do your neighbors openly burnt waste at home? | ||||
Neighbors do not burn garbage | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes, almost daily | 1.21 (1.06–1.39) | 1.23 (1.02–1.60) | -0.26 (-1.12- 0.60) | -0.17 (-0.99- 0.65) |
Yes, at least once in a month | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.15 (0.99–1.26) | 1.48 (1.01–1.96) | 1.21 (0.74–1.68) |
p-trend | 0.0101 | 0.02071 | ||
Exposed to smoke from a nearby dumpsite/garbage heap? | ||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes, almost daily | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.89 (0.62–1.30) | 0.82 (-0.37- 2.01) | 0.29 (-0.85- 1.43) |
Yes, at least once per month | 0.90 (0.74–1.11) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) | -0.54 (-1.18- 0.09) | -0.38 (-0.99- 0.22) |
p-for-trend | 0.2999 | 0.5491 | ||
Dwelling close to a major road | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.14 (0.99–1.30) | 1.08 (0.97–1.40) | -0.67 (-1.12- -0.22) | -0.62 (-1.09- -0.16) |
Smoke Exposure Indicator at work | ||||
Any Exposure to smoke at work | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 1.16 (0.76–1.74) | -0.13 (-0.67-0.41) | -0.23 (-0.95-0.50) |
Exposed to smoke | ||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes, almost daily | 1.40 (1.05–1.89) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.20 (-0.37-0.76) | -0.05 (-0.59-0.49) |
Yes, at least once in a month | 1.19 (1.02–1.37) | 1.02 (0.51–2.06) | 0.53 (-0.04-1.06) | 0.17 (-0.34-0.69) |
p-for-trend | 0.0386 | 0.9536 | ||
Involved in Fish smoking | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yes | 1.15 (1.00-1.33) | 1.22 (0.99–1.40) | -0.13 (-0.67- -0.41) | -0.41 (-0.93- -0.12) |