Table 1 Characteristics of study sample at baseline stratified by genders (n = 3768)
Characteristics [n (%) unless shown otherwise] | N | Men(n = 1992) | Women(n = 1776) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 3768 | 67.33 ± 6.02 | 67.69 ± 6.69 | 0.086 |
Education | 3768 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Tertiary | 50 | 39 (1.96) | 11 (0.62) |  |
 Upper secondary & vocational training | 156 | 119 (5.97) | 37 (2.08) |  |
 Less than lower secondary | 3562 | 1834 (92.07) | 1728 (97.30) |  |
Residence | 3768 | Â | Â | 0.032 |
 Urban community | 1344 | 679 (34.09) | 665 (37.44) |  |
 Rural Village | 2424 | 1313 (65.91) | 1111 (62.56) |  |
Height (m), mean (SD) | 3742 | 1.62 ± 0.08 | 1.50 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), median (P25-P75) | 3729 | 21.97(19.91–24.31) | 23.09(20.54–25.60) | < 0.001 |
BMI | 3729 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Underweight | 383 | 192 (9.75) | 191 (10.86) |  |
 Normal | 1690 | 1020 (51.78) | 670 (38.09) |  |
 Overweight | 732 | 356 (18.07) | 376 (21.38) |  |
 Obesity | 924 | 402 (20.41) | 522 (29.68) |  |
Smoking status | 3749 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 2106 | 528 (26.71) | 1578 (89.05) |  |
 Former | 422 | 373 (18.87) | 49 (2.77) |  |
 Current | 1221 | 1076 (54.43) | 145 (8.18) |  |
Drinking status | 3768 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Never | 2151 | 678 (34.04) | 1473 (82.94) |  |
 Former | 622 | 479 (24.05) | 143 (8.05) |  |
 Current | 995 | 835 (41.92) | 160 (9.01) |  |
Physical activity | 2719 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Low | 1794 | 931 (65.01) | 863 (67.06) |  |
 Moderate | 683 | 342 (23.88) | 341 (26.50) |  |
 High | 242 | 159 (11.10) | 83 (6.45) |  |
Hypertension | 3757 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 2579 | 1431 (72.02) | 1148 (64.86) |  |
 Yes | 1178 | 556 (27.98) | 622 (35.14) |  |
Diabetes | 3647 | Â | Â | 0.011 |
 No | 3513 | 1880 (94.47) | 1633 (92.42) |  |
 Yes | 244 | 110 (5.53) | 134 (7.58) |  |
Cancer | 3766 | Â | Â | 0.347 |
 No | 3735 | 1973 (99.05) | 1762 (99.32) |  |
 Yes | 31 | 19 (0.95) | 12 (0.68) |  |
Chronic Lung disease | 3765 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 3295 | 1693 (85.08) | 1602 (90.25) |  |
 Yes | 470 | 297 (14.92) | 173 (9.75) |  |
Cardiovascular disease | 3745 | Â | Â | 0.954 |
 No | 3178 | 1682 (84.52) | 1496 (84.28) |  |
 Yes | 567 | 297 (14.92) | 270 (15.21) |  |
Cognition function score | 3199 | 7.40 ± 3.22 | 6.77 ± 3.49 | < 0.001 |
CES-D score, mean (SD) | 3707 | 7.09 ± 5.42 | 8.71 ± 6.18 | < 0.001 |
CES-D score | 3707 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 ≥ 12 | 890 | 378 (19.26) | 512 (29.36) |  |
 < 12 | 2817 | 1585 (80.74) | 1232 (70.64) |  |
Grip strength | 3768 | Â | Â | 0.403 |
 Able | 3717 | 1968 (98.80) | 1749 (98.48) |  |
 Unable | 51 | 24 (1.20) | 27 (1.52) |  |
Grip strength (kg), mean (SD) | 3768 | 35.62 ± 8.37 | 24.19 ± 6.93 | < 0.001 |
Gai speed | 3768 | Â | Â | 0.052 |
 Able | 3593 | 1912 (95.98) | 1681 (94.65) |  |
 Unable | 175 | 80 (4.02) | 95 (5.35) |  |
Gai speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 3768 | 0.67 ± 0.21 | 0.61 ± 0.21 | < 0.001 |
Five times sit to stand | 3768 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Able | 3543 | 1904 (95.58) | 1639 (92.29) |  |
 Unable | 225 | 88 (4.42) | 137 (7.71) |  |
Five times sit to stand (s), mean (SD) | 3768 | 10.68 ± 3.70 | 12.21 ± 5.13 | < 0.001 |