Table 1 Characteristics of the participants stratified by functional status

Age (mean ± SD)

82.30 ± 11.08

80.35 ± 10.28

92.88 ± 9.08

< 0.001

Sex (%)

< 0.001

 Male

3641(47.7)

3161(49.1)

480(40.4)

 Female

3988(52.3)

3281(50.9)

707(59.6)

BMI (mean ± SD)

22.79 ± 4.35

22.92 ± 4.22

22.07 ± 4.96

< 0.001

Education level (%)

< 0.001

 < 1 year

3054(40.0)

2373(36.8)

681(57.4)

 ≥ 1 year

4575(60.0)

4069(63.2)

506(42.6)

Marital status (%)

< 0.001

 Married

3813(50.0)

3548(55.1)

265(22.3)

 Widowed/Separated/single

3816(50.0)

2894(44.9)

922(77.7)

Self-reported financial status (%)

0.294

 Poverty

671(8.8)

562(8.7)

109(9.2)

 Ordinary

5356(70.2)

4545(70.6)

811(68.3)

 Wealthy

1602(21.0)

1335 (20.7)

267(22.5)

Working condition (%)

0.218

 Non-professional work

6571(86.1)

5562(86.3)

1009(85.0)

 Professional work

1058(13.9)

880(13.7)

178(15.0)

Residence (%)

< 0.001

 Urban

2087(27.4)

1650(25.6)

437(36.8)

 Town/Rural

5542(72.6)

4792(74.4)

750(63.2)

Smoking (%)

1276(16.7)

1144(17.8)

132(11.1)

< 0.001

Drinking (%)

1239(16.2)

1113(17.3)

126(10.6)

< 0.001

Exercise (%)

2902(38.0)

2642(41.0)

260(21.9)

< 0.001

IADL (mean ± SD)

2.47 ± 2.91

1.73 ± 2.35

6.53 ± 2.24

< 0.001

Number of chronic diseases (mean ± SD)

0.97 ± 1.02

0.94 ± 0.99

1.12 ± 1.16

< 0.001

Number of natural teeth (mean ± SD)

11.24 ± 10.75

12.26 ± 10.85

5.68 ± 8.20

< 0.001

Subjective well-being (mean ± SD)

36.93 ± 4.95

37.17 ± 4.81

35.62 ± 5.50

< 0.001

Social participation (mean ± SD)

0.54 ± 0.79

0.59 ± 0.82

0.23 ± 0.54

< 0.001

Cognitive function (mean ± SD)

26.08 ± 5.34

26.99 ± 4.20

21.18 ± 7.70

< 0.001