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Table 6 Odds Ratios (OR) for eating at least 5 F&V portions daily compared to fewer portions a, b, c

From: Quantifying the relationship between gardening and health and well-being in the UK: a survey during the covid-19 pandemic

Variable (reference category)

B (SE)

OR (95% CI)

p value

Constant

-1.95 (0.84)

0.14 (0.03–0.70)

< 0.05

Gender (Female)

   

 Male

-0.49 (0.44)

0.61 (0.26–1.47)

0.27

Age (18–34)

   

 35–54

1.29 (0.54)

3.64 (1.30–10.74)

< 0.05

 55+

2.32 (0.68)

10.22 (2.83–41.21)

< 0.001

Household income (£20,000–29,999)

   

 Under £10,000

2.39 (1.38)

10.93 (0.96–295.67)

0.08

 £10,000–19,999

-0.04 (0.77)

0.97 (0.22–4.55)

0.96

 £30,000–39,999

0.22 (0.68)

1.25 (0.33–4.89)

0.75

 £40,000+

-0.20 (0.61)

0.82 (0.24–2.69)

0.74

Higher education (No)

   

 Yes

0.96 (0.54)

2.61 (0.92–7.77)

0.07

Diet (Regular meat-eater)

   

 Flexitarian

1.06 (0.51)

2.90 (1.10–8.34)

< 0.05

 Pescatarian

16.99 (1079.12)

2.39e7 (0.00–NA)

0.99

 Vegetarian

0.81 (0.62)

2.25 (0.70–8.05)

0.19

 Vegan

1.38 (0.90)

3.98 (0.77–30.68)

0.13

Weekly gardening time (0 h)

   

 1–5 h

-0.58 (0.69)

0.56 (0.14–2.08)

0.40

 6–10 h

-0.80 (0.91)

0.45 (0.07–2.55)

0.38

 11 + hours

-1.74 (0.96)

0.18 (0.02–1.05)

0.07

Food growing level (No food grown)

   

 1 (very little F&V)

0.16 (0.70)

1.17 (0.29–4.71)

0.82

 2

0.91 (0.83)

2.49 (0.50–13.54)

0.27

 3

2.01 (0.85)

7.47 (1.49–43.52)

< 0.05

 4

2.00 (1.04)

7.38 (1.05–65.33)

0.05

 5 (nearly self-sufficient in F&V)

1.84 (0.97)

6.33 (1.00–45.98)

0.06

  1. a Predictors and regression coefficients in the table are derived from the best fit model for the outcome based on the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Other explanatory variables tested include neighbourhood deprivation, household composition, caring responsibilities, alcohol consumption, smoking status, obesity, long-term health conditions, and having an allotment, but these were dropped in the process of improving model fit
  2. b Model R2 = 0.25 (Hosmer Lemeshow), 0.26 (Cox and Snell), 0.38 (Nagelkerke); χ2 (2) = 57.54
  3. c Figures in bold are statistically significant at the 5% level (p < 0.05)