Table 3 Characteristics of the participants according to the quartile of relative leg extension strength
| Â | Quartile of leg extension strength (MEN) | Quartile of leg extension strength (WOMEN) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 < 393 W | Q2 394–509 W | Q3 510–639 W | Q4 > 640 W | p-value | Q1 < 214 W | Q2 215–276 W | Q3 277–347 W | Q4 > 348 W | p-value | |
Age, years | 65.7 (12.9) | 61.4 (12.5) | 55.9 (13.1) | 46.6 (12.4) | < 0.0001 | 56.6 (14.8) | 55.5 (13.4) | 53.8 (12.7) | 49.3 (12.2) | < 0.0001 |
GS, kg | 36.7 (6.7) | 40.6 (6.5) | 43.2 (6.2) | 47.6 (7.5) | < 0.0001 | 23.8 (4.3) | 25.2 (4.3) | 26.1 (4.2) | 28.3 (4.5) | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol drinking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 0.0036 |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Current-drinker | 540 (75.4) | 570 (79.4) | 582 (81.4) | 586 (82.3) |  | 719 (42.5) | 771 (45.5) | 834 (50.2) | 920 (55.0) |  |
 Ex-drinker | 32 (4.5) | 16 (2.2) | 21 (2.9) | 9 (1.3) |  | 27 (1.6) | 24 (1.4) | 21 (1.3) | 32 (1.9) |  |
 Never-drinker | 143 (20.0) | 132 (18.4) | 112 (15.7) | 117 (16.4) |  | 944 (55.8) | 896 (52.9) | 805 (48.5) | 720 (43.1) |  |
 Unknown | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Current-smoker | 128 (17.9) | 147 (20.5) | 177 (24.8) | 223 (31.3) |  | 139 (8.2) | 123 (7.3) | 127 (7.6) | 166 (9.9) |  |
 Ex-smoker | 349 (48.7) | 358 (49.9) | 364 (50.9) | 288 (40.4) |  | 184 (10.9) | 212 (12.5) | 262 (15.8) | 299 (17.9) |  |
 Never-smoker | 237 (33.1) | 211 (29.4) | 174 (24.3) | 201 (28.2) |  | 1364 (80.7) | 1355 (80.0) | 1270 (76.5) | 1202 (71.9) |  |
 Unknown | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |  | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.3) |  |
Education status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 <12 years | 111 (15.5) | 54 (7.5) | 45 (6.3) | 29 (4.1) |  | 150 (8.9) | 83 (4.9) | 57 (3.4) | 33 (2) |  |
 12 years | 362 (50.6) | 354 (49.3) | 321 (44.9) | 289 (40.6) |  | 867 (51.3) | 846 (50.0) | 787 (47.4) | 765 (45.8) |  |
 >12 years | 229 (32.0) | 299 (41.6) | 335 (46.9) | 391 (54.9) |  | 653 (38.6) | 751 (44.4) | 809 (48.7) | 862 (51.6) |  |
 Others | 5 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | 7 (1.0) | 1 (0.1) |  | 7 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.3) | 5 (0.3) |  |
 Unknown | 9 (1.3) | 8 (1.1) | 7 (1.0) | 2 (0.3) |  | 14 (0.8) | 11 (0.6) | 3 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) |  |
Anthropometry | ||||||||||
 Height, cm | 164.8 (6) | 166.8 (5.8) | 168.8 (5.7) | 172.1 (5.6) | < 0.0001 | 154.2 (5.8) | 155.6 (5.4) | 156.6 (5.3) | 158.6 (5.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Weight, kg | 63.6 (10.5) | 65.6 (9.8) | 67.8 (9.4) | 72.1 (10.4) | < 0.0001 | 53.0 (9.0) | 53.5 (8.7) | 53.8 (8.4) | 55.9 (8.5) | < 0.0001 |
 BMI, kg/cm2 | 23.4 (3.4) | 23.5 (3.0) | 23.8 (3.0) | 24.3 (3.1) | < 0.0001 | 22.3 (3.6) | 22.1 (3.4) | 21.9 (3.3) | 22.2 (3.2) | 0.0018 |
 WC, cm | 85.6 (9.3) | 85.6 (8.3) | 86.1 (8.2) | 86.7 (8.7) | 0.0660 | 81.4 (9.8) | 81.1 (9.3) | 80.6 (9.3) | 80.9 (9.1) | 0.0297 |
 %BFM, % | 24.9 (6.4) | 23.4 (6.0) | 23.2 (6.1) | 21.9 (6.1) | < 0.0001 | 31.2 (7.4) | 30.6 (7.1) | 29.8 (7.1) | 29.3 (6.9) | < 0.0001 |
 Bone area ratio, % | 27.7 (3.6) | 28.2 (3.7) | 28.7 (3.7) | 29.7 (3.9) | < 0.0001 | 27.8 (4.2) | 28.0 (4.2) | 28.4 (4.1) | 29.4 (4.3) | < 0.0001 |
Pulmonary function | ||||||||||
 VC, L | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
 FVC, L | 3.4 (0.6) | 3.8 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.1 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
 FEV1, L | 2.7 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 2.2 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
 FEV1/FVC, % | 78.5 (7.5) | 78.6 (7.6) | 79.8 (6.4) | 80.8 (5.7) | < 0.0001 | 81.4 (6.2) | 81.7 (5.9) | 81.6 (5.7) | 82.2 (5.8) | 0.0018 |
Blood pressure | ||||||||||
 SBP, mmHg | 138.6 (18.2) | 135.3 (16.7) | 134.1 (16.9) | 130.6 (15.0) | < 0.0001 | 127.4 (18.7) | 127.2 (18.5) | 125.1 (18.3) | 122.3 (17.9) | < 0.0001 |
 DBP, mmHg | 80.7 (11.1) | 81.8 (10.9) | 83.3 (11.1) | 82.4 (11.0) | 0.0003 | 77.0 (10.6) | 77.1 (10.6) | 77.0 (10.8) | 76.3 (11.1) | 0.0740 |
Pulse rate, beat/min | 65.8 (11.2) | 64.0 (10.1) | 65.4 (10.2) | 65.3 (9.9) | 0.0064 | 67.5 (9.5) | 66.7 (9.3) | 66.6 (9.4) | 66.4 (9.5) | 0.0047 |
CIMT, mm | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
Lipid markers | ||||||||||
 TC, mg/dL | 199.5 (32.5) | 203.9 (33.6) | 206.8 (36.8) | 205.0 (36.0) | 0.0007 | 211.4 (35.3) | 213.3 (35.9) | 214.8 (35.9) | 209.6 (36.5) | 0.0004 |
 Triglycerides, mg/dL | 117.3 (81.0) | 123.2 (91.6) | 128.3 (116.7) | 135.9 (116.5) | 0.0027 | 95.0 (55.6) | 95.2 (59.2) | 92.1 (83.4) | 86.7 (56.6) | 0.0002 |
 HDL-C, mg/dL | 57.6 (15.3) | 57.7 (15.5) | 56.9 (14.1) | 56.7 (15.0) | 0.4408 | 66.3 (15.9) | 67.4 (15.6) | 69.0 (16.1) | 68.8 (16.5) | < 0.0001 |
Glucometabolic markers | ||||||||||
 HbA1c, % | 5.6 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.4) | < 0.0001 | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Glucose, mg/dL | 92.9 (18.5) | 90.6 (14.7) | 89.9 (16.0) | 87.8 (12.7) | < 0.0001 | 87.3 (14.0) | 85.7 (12.2) | 85.2 (11.3) | 84.0 (10.2) | < 0.0001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 90 (21.3) | 95.6 (19.6) | 102.6 (19.7) | 110.8 (18.3) | < 0.0001 | 103.9 (24.0) | 106.7 (22.4) | 108.6 (21.9) | 114.3 (22.2) | < 0.0001 |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.7 (1.3) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6 (1.2) | 6.1 (1.2) | < 0.0001 | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | 0.3058 |
Red blood cells count, 104/µL | 468.1 (43.1) | 475.7 (38.6) | 482.8 (38.3) | 491.4 (37.6) | < 0.0001 | 440.3 (33.2) | 441.6 (33.0) | 442.9 (31.6) | 443.7 (31.7) | 0.0095 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.7 (1.3) | 14.9 (1.1) | 15.1 (1.1) | 15.2 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | 13.2 (1.1) | 13.2 (1.1) | 13.3 (1.0) | 13.2 (1.1) | 0.6817 |
Hematocrit, % | 44.2 (3.5) | 44.8 (3.0) | 45.3 (3.0) | 45.5 (2.8) | < 0.0001 | 40.6 (3) | 40.6 (3.0) | 40.8 (2.8) | 40.6 (2.9) | 0.3917 |