Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to the quartile of relative grip strength
| Â | Quartile of grip strength (MEN) | Quartile of grip strength (WOMEN) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 < 37 kg | Q2 37–41 kg | Q3 42–47 kg | Q4 > 47 kg | p-value | Q1 < 23 kg | Q2 23–26 kg | Q3 27–29 kg | Q4 > 29 kg | p-value | |
Age, years | 64.2 (14.0) | 60.1 (13.4) | 55.5 (13.1) | 48.9 (13.0) | < 0.0001 | 59.0 (13.3) | 54.7 (13.2) | 51.7 (12.9) | 47.3 (12.9) | < 0.0001 |
LES, W | 411.3 (149.9) | 491.9 (153.2) | 569.2 (163.2) | 677.9 (201.1) | < 0.0001 | 241.3 (84.3) | 274.9 (87.9) | 302.7 (96.2) | 339.6 (109.5) | < 0.0001 |
Alcohol drinking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 0.5614 |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Current-drinker | 649 (77.5) | 481 (80.3) | 604 (80.2) | 544 (81.0) |  | 922 (44.1) | 835 (48.4) | 727 (49.6) | 760 (53.0) |  |
 Ex-drinker | 30 (3.6) | 16 (2.7) | 16 (2.1) | 16 (2.4) |  | 31 (1.5) | 21 (1.2) | 33 (2.3) | 19 (1.3) |  |
 Never-drinker | 157 (18.8) | 102 (17.0) | 133 (17.7) | 112 (16.7) |  | 1138(54.4) | 868 (50.3) | 706 (48.2) | 653 (45.6) |  |
 Unknown | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Current-smoker | 158 (18.9) | 110 (18.4) | 176 (23.4) | 231 (34.4) |  | 150 (7.2) | 111 (6.4) | 146 (10.0) | 148 (10.3) |  |
 Ex-smoker | 387 (46.2) | 323 (53.9) | 383 (50.9) | 266 (39.6) |  | 246 (11.8) | 225 (13.0) | 204 (13.9) | 282 (19.7) |  |
 Never-smoker | 290 (34.6) | 166 (27.7) | 193 (25.6) | 174 (25.9) |  | 1691(80.8) | 1387(80.4) | 1112(75.9) | 1001 (69.9) |  |
 Unknown | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) |  | 6 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.1) |  |
Education status, n (%) |  |  |  |  | 0.0002 |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 <12 years | 94 (11.2) | 45 (7.5) | 55 (7.3) | 45 (6.7) |  | 155 (7.4) | 83 (4.8) | 53 (3.6) | 32 (2.2) |  |
 12 years | 396 (47.3) | 243 (40.6) | 343 (45.6) | 344 (51.2) |  | 1084 (51.8) | 874 (50.7) | 669 (45.6) | 638 (44.5) |  |
 >12 years | 332 (39.7) | 297 (49.6) | 349 (46.3) | 276 (41.1) |  | 837 (40.0) | 757 (43.9) | 731 (49.9) | 750 (52.3) |  |
 Others | 6 (0.7) | 5 (0.8) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) |  | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.2) | 5 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) |  |
 Unknown | 9 (1.1) | 9 (1.5) | 3 (0.4) | 5 (0.7) |  | 11 (0.5) | 7 (0.4) | 8 (0.5) | 9 (0.6) |  |
Anthropometry | ||||||||||
 Height, cm | 164.7 (6.0) | 167.4 (5.6) | 169.2 (5.9) | 171.9 (5.6) | < 0.0001 | 153.3 (5.4) | 156.0 (5.1) | 157.4 (5.0) | 159.8 (5.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Weight, kg | 62.7 (9.0) | 65.2 (8.5) | 68.4 (9.5) | 73.5 (11.5) | < 0.0001 | 51.2 (7.7) | 53.6 (7.8) | 54.8 (8.4) | 58.0 (9.9) | < 0.0001 |
 BMI, kg/cm2 | 23.1 (2.9) | 23.3 (2.8) | 23.9 (3) | 24.9 (3.6) | < 0.0001 | 21.8 (3.2) | 22.0 (3.2) | 22.1 (3.4) | 22.7 (3.8) | < 0.0001 |
 WC, cm | 84.9 (8.3) | 85.1 (7.9) | 86.1 (8.4) | 88.2 (9.6) | < 0.0001 | 80.6 (9.2) | 81.1 (9.1) | 80.6 (9.3) | 82.0 (10.1) | < 0.0001 |
 %BFM, % | 24.7 (6.2) | 23.1 (5.8) | 22.9 (6.2) | 22.4 (6.4) | < 0.0001 | 31.2 (7.0) | 30.5 (7.0) | 29.5 (7.0) | 29.2 (7.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Bone area ratio, % | 28.0 (3.8) | 28.3 (3.6) | 28.9 (3.6) | 29.3 (3.7) | < 0.0001 | 27.4 (4.0) | 28.2 (4.1) | 28.7 (4.2) | 29.8 (4.4) | < 0.0001 |
Pulmonary function | ||||||||||
 VC, L | 3.7 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.6) | 4.5 (0.7) | < 0.0001 | 2.7 (0.4) | 2.9 (0.4) | 3.0 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
 FVC, L | 3.5 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.7) | < 0.0001 | 2.6 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.5) | < 0.0001 |
 FEV1, L | 2.8 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.6) | < 0.0001 | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
 FEV1/FVC, % | 78.4 (7.5) | 79.2 (7.3) | 79.3 (6.4) | 81 (5.7) | < 0.0001 | 81.1 (6.0) | 82.6 (5.8) | 81.9 (5.8) | 82.6 (5.7) | < 0.0001 |
Blood pressure | ||||||||||
 SBP, mmHg | 137.2 (17.7) | 134.7 (17.7) | 133.9 (16.7) | 132.2 (15.3) | < 0.0001 | 127.6 (18.8) | 126.4 (18.8) | 124.2 (18.1) | 122.7 (17.4) | < 0.0001 |
 DBP, mmHg | 80.6 (10.8) | 81.8 (11.2) | 82.9 (10.8) | 83.2 (11.3) | < 0.0001 | 76.8 (10.5) | 77.2 (11.0) | 76.4 (10.6) | 77.0 (11.1) | 0.2382 |
Pulse rate, beat/min | 65.3 (11.3) | 64.7 (10.2) | 64.6 (9.8) | 65.8 (9.8) | 0.1357 | 67.0 (9.5) | 66.2 (9.1) | 66.7 (9.4) | 67.2 (9.8) | 0.0092 |
CIMT, mm | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | < 0.0001 | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
Lipid markers | ||||||||||
 TC, mg/dL | 201.6 (33.3) | 203.0 (33.6) | 206.7 (37.6) | 203.2 (34.4) | 0.0065 | 215.0 (34.5) | 215.0 (37.1) | 211.4 (36.4) | 205.9 (35.3) | < 0.0001 |
 Triglycerides, mg/dL | 114.1 (72.1) | 123.2 (100.5) | 128.8 (126.8) | 140.8 (105.5) | < 0.0001 | 96.0 (58.5) | 92.0 (72.1) | 92.6 (71.1) | 86.7 (56.4) | 0.0005 |
 HDL-C, mg/dL | 58.0 (15.6) | 57.9 (14.5) | 57.6 (15.2) | 55.1 (14.1) | 0.0005 | 67.6 (15.8) | 68.5 (15.7) | 67.8 (16.4) | 67.5 (16.6) | 0.3437 |
Glucometabolic markers | ||||||||||
 HbA1c, % | 5.6 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.5) | 5.5 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.5) | < 0.0001 | 5.5 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | 5.4 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
 Glucose, mg/dL | 91.8 (17.6) | 90.5 (13.9) | 89.2 (15.6) | 89.3 (14.7) | 0.0030 | 86.7 (12.9) | 85.5 (11.7) | 85.0 (12.2) | 84.6 (11.1) | < 0.0001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 91.4 (21.7) | 97.4 (19.2) | 102.9 (19.7) | 108.5 (19.8) | < 0.0001 | 102.2 (21.8) | 107.1 (22.6) | 111.3 (22.8) | 115.9 (22.5) | < 0.0001 |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.8 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.2) | 6.2 (1.3) | < 0.0001 | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | 0.0552 |
Red blood cells count, 104/µL | 470.8 (42.1) | 474.5 (40.8) | 482.1 (38.7) | 491.8 (36.1) | < 0.0001 | 439.8 (32.6) | 442.8 (31.9) | 441.6 (32.6) | 445.2 (32.1) | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.8 (1.3) | 14.9 (1.1) | 15.0 (1.1) | 15.3 (1.0) | < 0.0001 | 13.3 (1.1) | 13.3 (1.0) | 13.2 (1.1) | 13.2 (1.2) | 0.0017 |
Hematocrit, % | 44.4 (3.4) | 44.7 (3.1) | 45.1 (3.0) | 45.7 (2.7) | < 0.0001 | 40.7 (2.9) | 40.8 (2.7) | 40.5 (3.0) | 40.5 (3.0) | 0.0028 |