The effect of the Sport Education Model in physical education on student learning attitude: a systematic review

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Study risk of bias

Author(s)/Date	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII	L	M	S	NI	Rating^a	Research area
Wallhead & Ntoumanis (2004) [42]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Moderate	4	2	2	0	Serious	Affective & cognitive
Spittle & Byrne (2009) [43]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Affective & cognitive
Perlman (2010) [44]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Affective
Menickelli & Hastie (2014) [45]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	0	Serious	Affective & cognitive
Wallhead et al. (2014) [23]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Moderate	4	1	2	0	Serious	Affective & cognitive
Cuevas et al. (2016) [46]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Moderate	Moderate	3	2	1	1	Serious	Affective
Fernández-Río et al. (2017) [47]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Affective
Xu et al. (2019) [48]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Affective & cognitive
Zhang & Su, (2020) [49]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Affective
Viciana et al. (2020) [50]	Moderate	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	4	3	0	0	Moderate	Affective & cognitive
Luna et al. (2020) [51]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	Low	Serious	Moderate	4	2	1	0	Serious	Affective
Chu et al. (2022) [52]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Affective & cognitive
Iserbyt et al. (2023) [53]	Serious	Low	Low	Low	NI	Serious	Moderate	3	1	2	1	Serious	Cognitive

ROBINS-I tools (Sterne et al., 2016) checklist items for non-randomized controlled studies related to bias in the following domains: I. Confounders; II. Participants selection; III. Classification of interventions; IV. Deviations from intervention; V. Missing data; VI. Outcomes measurement; VII. Results selection
L Low risk, M Moderate risk, S Serious risk, C Critical risk, NI No information
^aRating: Declaring a study to be at a particular level of risk of bias for an individual domain will mean that the study as a whole has a risk of bias at least this severe

ISSN: 1471-2458