Table 3 Characteristics of the studies examined in the present review

Wallhead & Ntoumanis (2004) [42]

Pre-post Test,

basketball

High school

N = 51,

Age:14.3 ± 0.48 yr

EG = 25 (M\F)

CG = 26 (M\F)

SEM

F: once a week

8 classes (60 min),

Same site

TT (TS)

(England)

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)

SEM > TT:

Affective: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ ;

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ 

Spittle & Byrne

(2009) [43]

Pre-post Test,

Hockey, soccer

Junior high

N = 115,

M/F, 97/ 18

Age: 13–14 yr

EG = 41 (M\F)

CG = 74 (M\F)

SEM

20 classes (45 min),

F: Once a week

Same site

TT (DI)

(Australia)

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)

SEM > TT:

Affective: SEM ⬆, TT ⬇;

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ⬇

Perlman

(2010) [44]

Pre-post Test,

basketball

High school

N = 78

EG = 40 (M\F)

CG = 38 (M\F)

SEM

20 classes (60 min),

F: Three or four times a week,

Same site

TT (SDG)

(United States)

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)

SEM > TT

Affective: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ 

Menickelli & Hastie

(2014) [45]

Pre-post Test,

Disc Lacrosse

High school

N = 40,

M/F, 30/ 10

Age:15.9 ± 1.1 yr

EG = 20 (M\F)

CG = 20 (M\F)

SEM

20 classes

F: Five times a week

Same site

TT (SDG)

(United States)

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)

SEM > TT (Affective and Cognitive)

Wallhead et al

(2014) [23]

Pre-post Test,

Ball course

High school

N = 568

M/F, 310/ 258

Age:14.74 ± 0.48 yr

EG = 281 (M\F)

CG = 287 (M\F)

SEM

F: Two or three times a week

25 classes (90 min),

Two schools

TT (MM)

(United States)

A motivation subscale of the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)

SEM > TT:

Affective: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ ;

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ 

Cuevas et al. (2016) [46]

Pre-post Test,

Volleyball

High school

N = 86,

M/F, 49/ 37

Age: 15.65 ± 0.78 yr

EG = 43 (M\F)

CG = 43 (M\F)

SEM

19 classes

F: Twice a week

Same site

TT (DI)

(Spain)

Intention to be Physically Active Scale (IPAS)

SEM > TT:

Affective: Positive affect: SEM ↔ , TT ↔ ; negative affect: SEM ↔ , TT ↔ 

Fernández-Río

et al. (2017) [47]

Pre-post Test,

Ultimate-Frisbee

High school

N = 217,

Age: 12–17 yr

M/F, 113/ 104

SEM

12 classes (55 min),

F: Twice a week,

Same site

TT (DI)

(Spain)

Three items were developed by Duda, Fox, Biddle, and Armstrong (1992) to measure boredom

Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)

SEM > TT:

Affective: Positive affect: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ ; negative affect: SEM ⬇, TT ↔ 

Xu et al. (2019) [48]

Pre-post Test,

Table tennis

High school

N = 64,

Age: 16–17 yr

EG = 36(M\F)

CG = 28 (M\F)

SEM

16 classes

F: Once a week

Same site

TT (China)

The attitude questionnaire

SEM > TT:

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ ;

Affective: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ 

Zhang & Su, (2020) [49]

Pre-post Test,

Body movements

College

N = 60,

M/F, 20/40

Age: 20.52 ± 0.8 yr

EG = 30(M\F)

CG = 30 (M\F)

SEM

F: Once a week

10 classes (55 min),

Same site

TT (LGM)

(China)

Physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES)

SEM > TT (Affective)

Viciana et al. (2020) [50]

Pre-post Test,

Volleyball

High school

N = 123,

M/F, 60/ 63

Age: 14–15 yr

3EG (M\F)

2CG (M\F)

SEM

12 classes (50 min),

Two different schools

F: Not mentioned

TT (DI)

(Morocco)

The Spanish version of the Sport Satisfaction Instrument (SVSSI);

SEM > TT:

Affective: (negative affect) SEM ⬇, TT ↔ ;

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ 

Luna et al. (2020) [51]

Pre-post Test,

Polskie Ringo

(a game)

primary school

N = 146,

M/F, 67/ 79

Age: 10.78 ± 1.07 yr

EG = 87 (M\F)

CG = 59 (M\F)

SEM

18classes (50 min)

F: Not mentioned

Same site

TT (DI)

(Spain)

Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANASN)

SEM > TT

Affective: Positive affect: SEM ⬆, TT ⬆; negative affect: SEM ⬇, TT ↔ 

Chu et al. (2022) [52]

Pre-post Test,

basketball

College

N = 60,

M/F, 28/ 32

EG = 30 (M\F)

CG = 30 (M\F)

SEM

16classes (45 min),

F: Twice a week,

Same site

TT

(China)

The ARCS Learning Motivation Scale

The Physical Education Affection Scale (PEAS)

SEM > TT

Affective: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ , Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ⬆ (SEM = TT)

Iserbyt et al. (2023) [53]

Pre-post Test,

basketball

College

N = 85,

M/F, 70/ 15

EG = 2 classes(M\F)

CG = 2 classes(M\F)

SEM

16classes (60 min),

Same site

TT

(Belgium)

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ↔ 

The ALT-PE data were collected using momentary time sampling for each team by trained coders

Cognitive: SEM ⬆, TT ↔