Table 1 Baseline characteristic of participants

N

3072

2416

656

Age (years), Mean ± SD

50.74 ± 17.83

47.64 ± 17.60

62.17 ± 13.50

 < 0.001

Sex, n (%)

0.055

    Male

1509 (49.12%)

1165 (48.22%)

344 (52.44%)

    Female

1563 (50.88%)

1251 (51.78%)

312 (47.56%)

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

0.026

    Non-Hispanic White

1491 (48.54%)

1186 (49.09%)

305 (46.49%)

    Non-Hispanic Black

581 (18.91%)

430 (17.80%)

151 (23.02%)

    Mexican American

476 (15.49%)

380 (15.73%)

96 (14.63%)

    Other Race

524 (17.06%)

420 (17.38%)

104 (15.85%)

Education Level, n (%)

 < 0.001

    Less than high school

846 (27.54%)

604 (25.00%)

242 (36.89%)

    High school

710 (23.11%)

542 (22.43%)

168 (25.61%)

    More than high school

1516 (49.35%)

1270 (52.57%)

246 (37.50%)

BMI (kg/m2), Mean ± SD

28.83 ± 6.39

27.97 ± 5.93

31.99 ± 6.99

 < 0.001

WC (cm), Mean ± SD

99.10 ± 15.69

96.56 ± 14.81

108.46 ± 15.30

 < 0.001

25OHD(D2 + D3) (nmol/L), Mean ± SD

63.33 ± 25.66

64.06 ± 25.96

60.64 ± 24.33

0.002

HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD

53.66 ± 15.36

54.84 ± 15.60

49.34 ± 13.62

 < 0.001

LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD

115.92 ± 35.44

118.07 ± 34.56

108.00 ± 37.52

 < 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL), Mean ± SD

125.20 ± 66.63

117.81 ± 62.78

152.42 ± 73.08

 < 0.001

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL), Mean ± SD

194.63 ± 40.54

196.48 ± 39.72

187.84 ± 42.78

 < 0.001

Dietary intake, Mean ± SD

 Energy (kcal)

1987.91 ± 798.52

2042.98 ± 805.82

1785.12 ± 736.91

 < 0.001

 Fiber (gm)

16.39 ± 8.62

16.56 ± 8.65

15.74 ± 8.45

0.029

 Total fat (gm)

73.94 ± 36.08

75.27 ± 36.26

69.01 ± 34.99

 < 0.001

 Vitamin D(D2 + D3) (mcg)

4.47 ± 4.13

4.47 ± 4.17

4.45 ± 3.95

0.893

 Magnesium (mg)

282.20 ± 117.13

287.62 ± 119.33

262.24 ± 106.38

 < 0.001

 Iron (mg)

14.81 ± 7.38

15.01 ± 7.45

14.07 ± 7.08

0.004

 Zinc (mg)

11.16 ± 6.15

11.32 ± 6.36

10.56 ± 5.27

0.005

 Copper (mg)

1.24 ± 0.60

1.26 ± 0.63

1.15 ± 0.48

 < 0.001

 Selenium (μg)

107.72 ± 49.24

109.13 ± 49.73

102.54 ± 47.06

0.002

Smoking status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Never

1657 (53.94%)

1346 (55.71%)

311 (47.41%)

 Former

802 (26.11%)

564 (23.34%)

238 (36.28%)

 Now

613 (19.95%)

506 (20.94%)

107 (16.31%)

Hypertension, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

1779 (57.91%)

1591 (65.85%)

188 (28.66%)

 Yes

1293 (42.09%)

825 (34.15%)

468 (71.34%)

CVD, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

2719 (88.51%)

2226 (92.14%)

493 (75.15%)

 Yes

353 (11.49%)

190 (7.86%)

163 (24.85%)

Thyroid autoimmunity, n (%)

0.046

 Negative

2605 (84.80%)

2065 (85.47%)

540 (82.32%)

 Positive

467 (15.20%)

351 (14.53%)

116 (17.68%)