Analysis of physical activity and prescription opioid use among US adults: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Associations between duration of PA and prescription opioid use among adults in NHANES, 2007 to 2020

	Odds ratio (95% CI)				P for trend
	0 min/week	1 – 149 min/week	150 – 299 min/week	≥ 300 min/week	P for trend
Total physical activity
Model 1^a	1.00 (Ref)	0.67 (0.55 – 0.81)	0.55 (0.42 – 0.72)	0.45 (0.37 – 0.54)	< 0.0001
Model 2^b	1.00 (Ref)	0.78 (0.64 – 0.95)	0.69 (0.52 – 0.91)	0.60 (0.50 – 0.74)	< 0.0001
Occupation-related physical activity
Model 1^a	1.00 (Ref)	1.03 (0.80 – 1.33)	0.63 (0.45 – 0.89)	0.87 (0.71 – 1.06)	0.10
Model 2^b	1.00 (Ref)	1.09 (0.84 – 1.42)	0.68 (0.48 – 0.96)	0.99 (0.81 – 1.20)	0.68
Transportation-related physical activity
Model 1^a	1.00 (Ref)	0.56 (0.43 – 0.73)	0.58 (0.44 – 0.77)	0.70 (0.52 – 0.94)	< 0.0001
Model 2^b	1.00 (Ref)	0.64 (0.49 – 0.84)	0.66 (0.49 – 0.89)	0.73 (0.54 – 0.98)	0.001
Leisure-time physical activity
Model 1^a	1.00 (Ref)	0.64 (0.49 – 0.82)	0.47 (0.36 – 0.62)	0.39 (0.30 – 0.51)	< 0.0001
Model 2^b	1.00 (Ref)	0.74 (0.57 – 0.95)	0.58 (0.43 – 0.77)	0.53 (0.41 – 0.70)	< 0.0001

Abbreviations: NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, CI confidence interval, PA physical activity
SI conversion factor: To convert cotinine to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 5.675
^aUnadjusted
^bAdjusted for age (continuous), sex (male or female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, or other races), education (less than high school, high school, or more than high school), poverty-income ratio (≤ 130%,130%-300%, or > 300%), any insurance (no or yes), alcohol user (never, former, mild, moderate, or heavy), cotinine (continuous), and survey cycle (2007–2008 to 2019–2020)

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