Analysis of physical activity and prescription opioid use among US adults: a cross-sectional study

BMC Public Health

Table 2 Associations between PA and prescription opioid use among adults in NHANES, 2007 to 2020

	Odds ratio (95% CI)
	Model 1^a	Model 2^b	Model 3^c
Total physical activity
Insufficient	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Sufficient	0.53 (0.45 – 0.64)	0.62 (0.52 – 0.73)	0.68 (0.56 – 0.81)
Occupation-related physical activity
Insufficient	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Sufficient	0.84 (0.70 – 0.99)	0.93 (0.78 – 1.11)	0.93 (0.79 – 1.10)
Transportation-related physical activity
Insufficient	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Sufficient	0.68 (0.55 – 0.86)	0.79 (0.63 – 0.99)	0.73 (0.58 – 0.92)
Leisure-time physical activity
Insufficient	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Sufficient	0.46 (0.37 – 0.58)	0.51 (0.41 – 0.64)	0.60 (0.48 – 0.75)

Abbreviations: NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, CI confidence interval, PA physical activity
SI conversion factor: To convert cotinine to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 5.675
^aUnadjusted
^bAdjusted for age (continuous), sex (male or female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American, or other races)
^cAdjusted for covariates in the model 2 plus education (less than high school, high school, or more than high school), poverty-income ratio (≤ 130%,130%-300%, or > 300%), any insurance (no or yes), alcohol user (never, former, mild, moderate, or heavy), cotinine (continuous), and survey cycle (2007–2008 to 2019–2020)

ISSN: 1471-2458