Fig. 2

Associations of PA domains with prescription opioid use in subgroups among adults in NHANES, 2007 to 2020. The model was adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male or female), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, Mexican American, or other races), education (less than high school, high school, or more than high school), poverty-income ratio (≤ 130%,130%-300%, or > 300%), any insurance (no or yes), alcohol user (never, former, mild, moderate, or heavy), cotinine (continuous), and survey cycle (2007-2008 to 2019-2020). The strata variable was not included in the adjustment when stratifying by itself