Table 1 Characteristics of included participants by MetS diagnosis in NHANES 2011–2020

Weighted percentage (%)

100

69.40

30.60

Gender, n (%)

0.29^a

 Male

2733(49.59)

1854(48.94)

879(51.06)

 Female

2612(50.41)

1747(51.06)

865(48.94)

Age, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 20–39 years

1791(36.29)

1481(43.90)

310(19.02)

 40–59 years

1727(35.79)

1104(33.32)

623(41.38)

 60 and above years

1827(27.92)

1016(22.77)

811(39.60)

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

< 0.05^a

 Mexican American

623(7.70)

367(7.21)

256(8.82)

 Non-Hispanic Black

1270(11.06)

853(11.09)

417(10.98)

 Non-Hispanic White

2037(66.95)

1358(66.44)

679(68.10)

 Other Hispanic

560(6.41)

372(6.69)

188(5.77)

 Other Race

855(7.89)

651(8.57)

204(6.33)

Education level, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 Middle school or lower

1028(12.98)

600(11.48)

428(16.40)

 High School

2883(53.53)

1903(51.11)

980(59.01)

 College or above

1434(33.49)

1098(37.42)

336(24.59)

Marriage status, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 Married or living with the partner

3190(63.34)

2127(62.62)

1063(64.97)

 Never married

1034(18.70)

799(21.69)

235(11.94)

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated

1121(17.95)

675(15.69)

446(23.09)

Poverty-income ratio, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 Quartile 1

1332(17.04)

881(17.09)

451(16.95)

 Quartile 2

1328(20.26)

824(18.62)

504(23.96)

 Quartile 3

1346(27.85)

906(27.34)

440(29.02)

 Quartile 4

1339(34.85)

990(36.95)

349(30.07)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 Current

2082(39.04)

1313(36.53)

769(44.74)

 Former

227(4.22)

162(4.70)

65(3.14)

 Never

3036(56.73)

2126(58.77)

910(52.13)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 Never

1722(26.89)

1082(25.48)

640(30.10)

 1–3 drink/day

1280(25.42)

869(24.34)

411(27.87)

  ≥ 4 drink/day

2343(47.69)

1650(50.18)

693(42.04)

Physical activity, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 Low

1984(32.89)

1182(28.33)

802(43.25)

 Moderate

2545(52.13)

1814(55.02)

731(45.57)

 High

816(14.98)

605(16.66)

211(11.18)

Hypertension, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

2158(34.43)

993(22.25)

1165(62.05)

 NO

3187(65.57)

2608(77.75)

579(37.95)

Type 2 diabetes, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

1061(16.07)

252(5.35)

809(40.40)

 NO

4284(83.93)

3349(94.65)

935(59.60)

History of cancer, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

473(9.57%)

278(7.99)

202(13.15)

 NO

4872(90.43)

3330(92.01)

1542(86.85)

Abdominal obesity, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

3075(57.93)

1516(43.20)

1559(91.32)

 NO

2270(42.07)

2085(56.80)

185(8.68)

Elevated TG, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

1805(34.39)

562(16.38)

1243(75.23)

 NO

3540(65.61)

3039(83.62)

501(24.77)

Reduced HDL, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

1563(27.74)

487(13.29)

1076(60.53)

 NO

3782(72.26)

3114(86.71)

668(39.47)

High BP, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

2506(41.26)

1146(26.38)

1360(75.02)

 NO

2839(58.74)

2455(73.62)

384(25.98)

Impaired FBG, n (%)

< 0.01^a

 YES

1210(20.20)

265(6.20)

945(51.96)

 NO

4135(79.80)

3336(93.80)

799(49.04)

WC, cm(median[IQR])

98.50[87.80,109.73]

93.00[84.40,103.50]

110.00[102.00,120.70]

< 0.01^b

SBP, mmHg (median[IQR])

119.33[110.67,130.67]

116.67[108.67,126.00]

128.67[117.33,137.69]

< 0.01^b

DBP, mmHg (median[IQR])

71.33[64.67,78.00]

70.33[64.00,76.67]

74.67[67.33,82.00]

< 0.01^b

FBG, mg/dL (median[IQR])

93.00[85.00,103.00]

90.00[84.00,97.00]

104.00[92.00,124.00]

< 0.01^b

TG (median[IQR])

115.00[79.00,176.00]

95.00[70.00,132.00]

197.00[150.00,273.33]

< 0.01^b

HDL, mg/dL (median[IQR])

51.00[42.00,62.00]

56.00[47.00,66.00]

42.00[36.00,49.00]

< 0.01^b

Urine creatinine, mg/dL (median[IQR])

99.00[55.00,159.00]

98.00[52.00,155.43]

102.00[61.00,165.75]

< 0.01^b

Energy, kcal (median[IQR])

1960.15[1495.71,2545.86]

1950.00[1496.01,2562.43]

1970.80[1495.24,2515.14]

0.91^b

CEMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.96[0.61,1.61]

0.90[0.56,1.52]

1.08[0.71,1.91]

< 0.01^b

3HPMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

2.22[1.44,4.41]

2.12[1.40,4.38]

2.46[1.54,4.64]

< 0.01^b

AAMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.52[0.33,0.91]

0.52[0.33,0.92]

0.51[0.32,0.87]

0.28^b

CYMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.02[0.01,0.07]

0.02[0.01,0.08]

0.02[0.01,0.06]

0.45^b

DHBMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

3.14[2.42,4.09]

3.03[2.36,3.94]

3.39[2.57,4.39]

< 0.01^b

MHBMA3, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.05[0.03,0.09]

0.05[0.03,0.09]

0.05[0.03,0.10]

< 0.01^b

HMPMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

2.15[1.53,3.94]

2.05[1.46,3.77]

2.37[1.69,4.46]

< 0.01^b

ATCA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

1.16[0.58,2.15]

1.15[0.59,2.11]

1.19[0.58,2.20]

0.17^b

AMCC, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

1.63[0.93,2.97]

1.64[0.93,2.93]

1.62[0.92,3.08]

0.64^b

PGA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

2.12[1.56,2.93]

2.12[1.58,2.93]

2.13[1.54,2.89]

0.67^b

MA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

1.35[0.97,1.99]

1.34[0.97,1.95]

1.38[0.96,2.03]

0.67^b

2HPMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.30[0.19,0.56]

0.31[0.19,0.57]

0.29[0.19,0.54]

0.48^b

SBMA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.06[0.04,0.11]

0.06[0.04,0.12]

0.06[0.04,0.11]

0.96^b

2MHA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

0.33[0.15,0.78]

0.35[0.15,0.82]

0.30[0.14,0.69]

0.10^b

3,4MHA, ng/mg Cr.(median[IQR])

1.88[0.95,5.27]

1.94[0.94,5.51]

1.74[0.97,4.72]

0.38^b