Fig. 4

The association of the changes in binomial deviation with the penalty parameter. Notes: ln-transformed urinary concentrations of all 15 mVOCs corrected with creatinine were independent variables; MetS (A) and its components of central obesity (B), elevated TG (C), reduced HDL (D), high blood pressure (E), and FBG impairment (F) were dependent variables. The LASSO models were adjusted for all covariates including gender, age, race or ethnicity, education level, marriage status, poverty-income ratio, smoking status, alcohol drinking, daily total energy intake, physical activity, and history of cancer. The mean of the binomial deviation was revealed by the red colored dots, and the two dashed lines demonstrated the best λ (left line) and the simplest λ values obtained within the variance of the minimum binomial deviation (right line), respectively