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Table 1 Characteristics of mothers included in the exposed and comparison cohorts and their infants

From: Association between maternal employment status and presence of children with major congenital anomalies in Denmark

Characteristicsa

Mothers with a child with major congenital anomalies

No. (%)

Mothers with a child without major congenital anomalies

No. (%)

Mothers

23,637

234,586

 Age at index delivery

   ≤ 25 years

3356 (14.2)

33,543 (14.3)

  26–35 years

15,615 (66.1)

155,329 (66.2)

  36 + years

4666 (19.7)

45,714 (19.5)

 Parity

  1

11,179 (47.3)

111,129 (47.4)

  2

8085 (34.2)

80,398 (34.3)

   ≥ 3

4373 (18.5)

43,059 (18.4)

 Marital statusb

  Married/Registered partnership

12,614 (53.4)

126,563 (54.0)

  Single/Divorced/Widowed/Living alone

10,993 (46.5)

102,496 (43.7)

  Unknown

30 (0.1)

5527 (2.4)

 Income quartile

   ≤ 25%

6046 (25.6)

58,369 (24.9)

  26–50%

6146 (26.0)

58,387 (24.9)

  51–75%

5880 (24.9)

58,721 (25.0)

  76–100%

5533 (23.4)

58,855 (25.1)

  Missing

32 (0.1)

254 (0.1)

 Highest education attained

  Primary or secondary

8088 (34.2)

76,115 (32.4)

  Vocational or post-secondary

7675 (32.5)

74,937 (31.9)

  Bachelor’s degree or higher

6952 (29.4)

74,611 (31.8)

  Missing

922 (3.9)

8923 (3.8)

 Pregnancy history

  Spontaneous abortions

3967 (16.8)

35,385 (15.1)

  Stillbirths

10 (0.0)

22 (0.0)

 Index pregnancy complications

  Placental

1649 (7.0)

10,957 (4.7)

  Non-placental

193 (0.8)

930 (0.4)

 Multiple pregnancies with MCAs during follow-up

  Single MCA pregnancy

23,097 (97.7)

-

  Multiple MCA pregnancies

540 (2.3)

-

 Medical history using ICD-8/10 diagnostic codes

  Diabetes

314 (1.3)

1303 (0.6)

  Alcohol-related diseases

400 (1.7)

3145 (1.3)

  Any pre-birth mental health diagnosis

1368 (5.8)

11,541 (4.9)

  Any mental health diagnoses during follow up

1662 (7.0)

12,898 (5.5)

 Medical history using prescription datac as well as ICD-8/10 diagnostic codes

  Diabetes

824 (3.5)

4959 (2.1)

  Any pre-birth mental health diagnosis

4119 (17.4)

35,550 (15.2)

  Any mental health diagnoses during follow up

6679 (28.3)

58,239 (24.8)

 Charlson Comorbidity Index Score

  0

21,975 (93.0)

220,254 (93.9)

  1

1290 (5.5)

11,595 (4.9)

   ≥ 2

372 (1.6)

2737 (1.2)

 Immigrated

2866 (12.1)

27,329 (11.6)

 Maternal BMI (2004–2017)

   < 25

9528 (60.2)

101,416 (64.5)

  25–29

3345 (21.1)

31,798 (20.2)

   ≥ 30

2334 (14.7)

18,758 (11.9)

 Duration of follow-up, median (IQR), years

11.3 (5.9–16.5)

11.3 (5.9–16.5)

 Employment statusd

  Employed

14,291 (60.5)

147,094 (62.7)

  Outside workforce

7539 (31.9)

70,178 (29.9)

  Unemployed

1605 (6.8)

15,316 (6.5)

Infant

 Sex

  Male

13,971 (59.1)

119,826 (51.1)

  Female

8563 (36.2)

113,815 (48.5)

 Birthweight, g

   ≤ 2500

3589 (15.2)

8494 (3.6)

   > 2500–4000

16,736 (70.8)

184,736 (78.7)

   > 4000

3192 (13.5)

40,693 (17.3)

 Gestational age, weeks

  15–36

3864 (16.3)

11,209 (4.8)

  37–41

18,563 (78.5)

209,198 (89.2)

  42–50

1074 (4.5)

12,992 (5.5)

 Apgar score < 7 at 5 min

1269 (5.4)

3376 (1.4)

 Year of infant's birth

  1997–2003

7798 (33.0)

77,460 (33.0)

  2004–2010

7868 (33.3)

78,090 (33.3)

  2011–2017

7971 (33.7)

79,036 (33.7)

 Severity of MCA

  Single-organ MCA

21,101 (89.3)

-

  Multiple-organ MCA

2536 (10.7)

-

 Number of hospitalizations within the first year of life

  0 hospitalization

6307 (26.7)

182,345 (77.7)

  1–3 hospitalizations

12,552 (53.1)

49,862 (21.3)

  4 + hospitalizations

4778 (20.2)

2379 (1.0)

 Infant death by 1 year

155 (0.7)

60 (0.0)

  Single-organ MCA

99 (0.5)

-

  Multiple-organ MCA

56 (2.2)

-

 Mortality with single-organ MCA

  at 0–1 year

99 (0.5)

-

  at > 1–6 years

121 (0.6)

-

  at 7–13 years

25 (0.1)

-

  at 14–18 years

16 (0.1)

-

 Mortality with multiple-organ MCA

  

  at 0–1 year

56 (2.2)

-

  at > 1–6 years

68 (2.7)

-

  at 7–13 years

16 (0.6)

-

  at 14–18 years

5 (0.2)

-

 Mortality with no hospitalizations within the first year of life

  at 0–1 year

30 (0.5)

22 (0.0)

  at > 1–6 years

11 (0.2)

79 (0.0)

  at 7–13 years

 < 5

Cannot be presentede

  at 14–18 years

 < 5

Cannot be presentede

 Mortality with 1–3 hospitalizations within the first year of life

  at 0–1 year

66 (0.5)

29 (0.1)

  at > 1–6 years

59 (0.5)

31 (0.1)

  at 7–13 years

14 (0.1)

12 (0.0)

  at 14–18 years

9 (0.1)

13 (0.0)

 Mortality with > 3 hospitalizations within the first year of life

  At 0–1 year

59 (1.2)

9 (0.4)

  at > 1–6 years

119 (2.5)

21 (0.9)

  at 7–13 years

Cannot be presentede

 < 5

  at 14–18 years

Cannot be presentede

 < 5

  1. aAll maternal characteristics are at baseline except the following: income quartile and level of education in the year prior to the index delivery, multiple pregnancies with MCAs during follow-up, any mental health diagnoses during follow-up, and depression diagnoses during follow-up
  2. bMarital status denotes legal marital status. Those who are unmarried but living with a partner without registration would be categorized as single
  3. cPrescription data were obtained from the Danish National Prescription Registry using World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification codes, which are available in eTable 2 of the Supplement. In the main analysis, mental illnesses identified from both ICD8/10 codes and prescription data were adjusted, while only diabetes identified using ICD 8/10 codes was adjusted as part of the Charlson Comorbidity Index score
  4. dThe employment status presented in Table 1 is based on the social benefits received during the 52 weeks prior to delivery
  5. eThe frequency for this cell was 5 or above. However, values cannot be presented due to the possibility of back-calculation of sensitive data
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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