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Table 2 Bivariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis for cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among reproductive age women in Kenya using KDHS 2022: In the multivariable analysis, adjustments were made for variables that demonstrated a significant association in the bivariable analysis

From: Cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among women of reproductive age in Kenya: further analysis of Kenyan demographic and health survey 2022

Variables

Null model

Model I

Model II

Model III

AOR(95%CI)

AOR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

P-value

Age

15-24

 

1

 

1

1

 

25-29

 

1.96(1.63, 2.35)

 

3.40(2.89, 3.99)

1.95( 1.63 - 2.34)

0.001*

30-34

 

3.68(3.03, 4.46)

 

6.02(5.13, 7.07)

3.63(2.99 - 4.41)

0.001*

35-39

 

4.57(3.74, 5.59)

 

7.28(6.21, 8.53)

4.50(3.69 - 5.51)

0.001*

40-44

 

7.24(5.84, 8.98)

 

10.80(9.14, 12.77)

7.09(5.72 - 8.80)

0.001*

45-49

 

7.09(5.65, 8.90)

 

10.05(8.41, 12.00)

6.92( 5.51 - 8.70)

0.001*

Religion

Catholic

 

1

 

1

1

 

Protestant

 

0.90(0.79, 1.02)

 

0.96(0.85, 1.09)

0.90 (0.79 - 1.02)

0.105

Evangelical churches

 

0.86(0.75, 0.99)

 

0.89(0.78, 1.02)

0.86 (0.75 - 1.00)

0.048*

African instituted churches

 

1.13(0.93,1.38)

 

1.11(0.93, 1.32)

1.13( 0.93 - 1.37)

0.211

Islam

 

0.54(0.40, 0.73)

 

0.32(0.24, 0.42)

0.57 (0.42 - 0.78)

0.000*

Others

 

1.07(0.82, 1.39)

 

0.90(0.71, 1.15)

1.09 (0.84 - 1.42)

0.517

Marital status

Not married

 

1

 

1

1

 

Married

 

0.88(0.7, 0.98)

 

1.89(1.73, 2.08)

0.90(0.81 - 1.00)

0.056

History of abortion

No

 

1

 

1

1

 
 

Yes

 

1.32(1.17, 1.50)

 

2.23(1.99, 2.51)

1.59(1.32 - 1.92)

0.001*

Modern contraceptive use

No

 

1

 

1

1

 

Yes

 

1.30(1.18, 1.92)

 

1.89(1.73, 2.06)

1.57(1.25 - 1.95)

0.001*

Self-reported health status

Bad

 

1

 

1

1

 

Moderate

 

0.58(0.44, 0.77)

 

0.71(0.54, 0.93)

0.58(0.44 - 0.76)

0.001*

Good

 

0.51(0.39, 0.67)

 

0.42(0.32, 0.54)

0.52(0.39 - 0.67)

0.001*

Number of living children

0

 

1

 

1

1

 

1-2

 

1.59(1.32, 1.92)

 

4.90(4.22, 5.70)

1.59(1.32 - 1.92)

0.001*

3-4

 

1.55(1.24, 1.94)

 

6.99(5.98, 8.17)

1.57(1.25 - 1.950

0.001*

>=5

 

1.22(0.94, 1.58)

 

5.49(4.56, 6.60)

1.26(0.97 - 1.64)

0.081

Media exposure

No

 

1

 

1

1

 

Yes

 

1.35(1.07, 1.69)

 

2.29(1.87, 2.80)

1.31(1.03 - 1.65)

0.024*

Level of education

No education

 

1

 

1

1

 

Primary

 

1.89(1.45, 2.64)

 

3.04(2.24, 4.13)

1.56(1.09 - 2.22)

0.014*

Secondary

 

2.40(1.70, 3.41)

 

2.43(1.78, 3.30)

1.99(1.38 - 2.87)

0.001*

Higher

 

2.98(2.07, 4.28)

 

4.50(3.29, 6.16)

2.50(1.71 - 3.65)

0.001*

Age at first sex

Median 16±5(IQR)

  

1.10(1.09, 1.11)

1.01(1.00 - 1.03)

0.042*

Health facility visits within the last 12 months

No

1

 

1

1

 

Yes

1.61(1.46, 1.65)

 

1.95(1.77, 2.15)

1.61(1.46 - 1.79)

0.001*

Wealth index

Poorest

1

 

1

1

 

Poorer

1.33(1.09, 1.65)

 

1.72(1.42, 2.10)

1.27(1.03 - 1.57)

0.026*

Middle

1.40(1.14, 1.73)

 

2.06(1.71, 2.49)

1.22(0.98 - 1.52)

0.073

Richer

1.62(1.30, 2.01)

 

2.55(2.12, 3.07)

1.30(1.02 - 1.66)

0.034*

Richest

2.04(1.63, 2.57)

 

3.50(2.90, 4.23)

1.57(1.19 - 2.06)

0.001*

Attitude toward intimate partner violence

Unfavourable

1

 

1

1

 

Favourable

0.91(0.81, 1.01)

 

0.76(0.69, 0.84)

0.91(0.81 - 1.03)

0.125

HIV status

Negative

1

 

1

1

 

Unknown

2.10(1.62, 2.72)

 

0.15(0.12, 0.18)

0.48(0.37, 0.63)

0.00*

positive

7.48(5.20, 10.75)

 

5.17 (4.03, 6.63)

3.50(2.69, 4.57)

0.00*

Proportion of women with media exposure

Low

1

1

1

1

 

High

1.35(1.18, 1.55)

 

1.93(1.70, 2.19)

1.11(0.96 - 1.29)

0.164

Proportion of women with primary and higher education

Low

1

1

1

1

 

High

1.95(1.65, 2.30)

 

2.42(2.05, 2.84)

1.37(1.13 - 1.65)

0.001*

Proportion of women with poor wealth index

Low

1

1

1

1

 

High

0.57(0.48, 0.67)

 

0.48(0.43, 0.55)

0.72(0.60 - 0.87)

0.001*

Proportion of women perceived distance to health facilities as a big problem

Low

1

1

1

1

0.621

High

1.04(0.92, 1.19)

 

0.75(0.66, 0.85)

1.04(0.90 - 1.19)

0.683

Proportion of women who had a positive attitude toward intimate partner violence

Low

1

1

1

1

 

High

0.94(0.82, 1.06)

 

0.71(0.62, 0.80)

1.01(0.88 - 1.17)

0.839

Residence

Rural

 

1

1

1

 

Urban

1.06(0.91, 1.24)

 

0.68(0.60, 0.77)

1.03(0.86 - 1.23)

0.76

  1. * Indicates statistically significant at a 5% level of significance based on the Wald test results
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