Table 2 Natural resources and reliance on open defecation: baseline results

Mineral deposit

0.3642^a

0.3876^a

0.2557^a

0.1905^a

[0.0377]

[0.0417]

[0.0278]

[0.0313]

Petroleum field

0.3485^a

0.4421^a

0.2438^a

0.1861^a

[0.0398]

[0.0432]

[0.0377]

[0.0366]

Latitude

-0.0554^a

-0.0455^a

-0.0485^a

[0.0056]

[0.0053]

[0.0053]

Longitude

-0.1424^a

-0.0951^a

-0.0993^a

[0.0070]

[0.0055]

[0.0055]

Mean elevation

0.0006^a

0.0011^a

0.0012^a

[0.0001]

[0.0001]

[0.0001]

Ln(distance to coast)

-0.1217^a

-0.4789^a

-0.4527^a

[0.0238]

[0.0269]

[0.0267]

Temperature

0.1657^a

0.1775^a

[0.0160]

[0.0159]

Precipitation

0.0162^a

0.0165^a

[0.0012]

[0.0012]

Vegetation

0.0010^a

0.0009^a

[0.0000]

[0.0000]

Night luminosity

0.3992^a

[0.0664]

Observations

12,529

12,428

12,356

12,356

R-squared

0.6219

0.6437

0.7283

0.7329

Country FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Clustering var.

Grid Cell

Grid Cell

Grid Cell

Grid Cell