Table 1 Parameters estimates from latent growth curve models

Cognitive function

Average (i)

4.822^***

4.773

4.867

0.669^***

0.591

0.762

Growth rate (s)

0.001

− 0.016

0.019

0.033^*

0.002

0.070

i WITH s

0.054^**

0.017

0.090

Depressive symptoms

Average (i)

−1.330^***

−1.402

−1.264

1.408^***

1.229

1.600

Growth rate (s)

0.002

−0.027

0.031

0.171^***

0.100

0.238

i WITH s

−0.110^*

− 0.194

− 0.032

Chronic conditions

Average (i)

−1.584^***

−1.641

− 1.528

0.879^***

0.796

0.965

Growth rate (s)

−0.076^***

− 0.096

− 0.054

0.110^***

0.070

0.149

i WITH s

−0.008

− 0.047

0.031

Disability

Average (i)

−0.967^***

−1.107

−0.828

2.730^***

2.384

3.076

Growth rate (s)

0.226 ^***

0.156

0.297

0.001

−0.002

0.004

i WITH s

−0.045

− 0.131

0.041

Moderator

    Frailty

Average (i)

0.225^***

0.148

0.300

1.791^***

1.657

1.910

Growth rate (s)

0.001

−0.026

0.028

0.162^***

0.106

0.208

i WITH s

− 0.005

− 0.070

0.056

Predictors

    Social Participation

Average (i)

−7.022^***

−7.073

−6.971

0.669^***

0.607

0.737

Growth rate (s)

−0.059^***

− 0.078

− 0.040

0.014

− 0.014

0.041

i WITH s

−0.011

− 0.042

0.019

    Social Networks- Friends

Average (i)

0.921^***

0.875

0.968

0.445^***

0.373

0.517

Growth rate (s)

−0.094^***

−0.114

− 0.073

0.010

− 0.024

0.045

i WITH s

−0.036

−0.080

0.007

    Social Support- Friends

Average (i)

3.316^***

3.233

3.396

2.004^***

1.826

2.187

Growth rate (s)

−0.116^***

− 0.147

−0.088

0.100^**

0.039

0.163

i WITH s

−0.031

− 0.109

0.025

    Social Networks-Children

Average (i)

1.905^***

1.822

1.987

2.149^***

1.962

2.373

Growth rate (s)

−0.028^***

− 0.041

− 0.016

0.022

− 0.018

0.065

i WITH s

−0.083^***

− 0.142

− 0.033

    Social Support-Children

Average (i)

3.566 ^***

3.473

3.649

2.402^***

2.215

2.617

Growth rate (s)

−0.037^***

− 0.054

− 0.022

0.000

− 0.029

0.028

i WITH s

−0.005

−0.036

0.026

    Social Support-Partner

Average (i)

1.211^***

1.148

1.274

1.212^***

1.179

1.245

Growth rate (s)

−0.040^***

−0.053

−0.030

0.035^***

0.019

0.049

i WITH s

−0.036^***

−0.055

− 0.019

    Social Networks-Grandchildren

Average (i)

1.139^***

1.1077

1.201

1.115^***

1.007

1.223

Growth rate (s)

0.018^**

0.005

0.032

0.037^***

0.024

0.049

i WITH s

0.029^*

0.000

0.058

    Social Networks-Siblings

Average (i)

1.816^***

1.731

1.899

1.953^***

1.782

2.144

Growth rate (s)

−0.066^***

− 0.084

− 0.048

0.024

− 0.029

0.074

i WITH s

−0.052

− 0.111

0.006

    Social Support-Family

Average (i)

3.453^***

3.403

3.503

0.600^***

0.506

0.701

Growth rate (s)

−0.030^**

−0.052

−0.007

0.017

−0.021

0.054

i WITH s

−0.015

−0.058

0.027