Fig. 3
Interaction of changes in social participation and friends’ networks and depression with changes in frailty. Notes: For simplicity, random terms and covariates are not shown. Panel A: Changes in participation in social activities were positively associated with changes in decreasing depressive symptoms among individuals with negative changes in frailty (β = 3.229, 95% CI: 2.212, 4.245). However, this association was not significant for older adults with gradual and positive changes in frailty (β = − 0.463, 95% CI: − 1.513, 0.588). Panel B: Changes in contacts with friends were positively associated with changes in decreasing depressive symptoms among older adults with negative changes in frailty (β = 4.980, 95% CI: 3.285, 6.675)