Table 1 Participants’ characteristics

Gender

male

-

47.4%

female

-

52.6%

Age

16–18

-

12.2%

19–21

-

49.4%

22–24

-

28.8%

25–27

-

8.4%

28–30

-

0.7%

31–33

-

0.4%

Education

junior college education

-

0.7%

undergraduate course

-

76.8%

master

-

20.8%

doctor

-

1.7%

Monthly family income

Below 5000

-

21.8%

5000–10,000

-

49.1%

Above 10,000

-

29%

Smartphone Use in Bed before sleep

-

-

96.1%

Sleep Delay Due to Smartphone Use

-

-

62.4%

Physical Exercise

Exercise frequency (times)

2.77(1.60)

-

Single duration (hours)

1.87(0.99)

-

Weekly duration (hours)

5.65(5.46)

-

Duration of smartphone use before sleep

-

5.31(2.69)

-

Sleep quality score

-

3.95(2.28)

-

Smartphone Addiction score

-

17.88(5.26)

-

Anxiety

-

4.69(4.43)

-

Depression score

-

5.07(4.54)

-