Table 1 Global deaths attributable to occupational asbestos exposure in 1990 and 2019, and the temporal trend from 1990 to 2019

Overall

144.48

(107.16, 182.09)

3.97

(2.97, 4.98)

0.36

(0.27, 0.45)

239.33

(179.52, 299.21)

3.05

(2.29, 3.82)

0.42

(0.31, 0.52)

− 0.92

(− 1.12, − 0.73)

0.52

(0.33, 0.72)

Sex

Female

20.62

(14.64, 27.47)

1.01

(0.72, 1.34)

0.10

(0.07, 0.14)

40.79

(26.14, 53.16)

0.93

(0.60, 1.21)

0.15

(0.10, 0.2)

− 0.28

(− 0.46, − 0.09)

1.25

(1.10, 1.39)

Male

123.86

(88.46, 160.07)

8.17

(5.87, 10.49)

0.63

(0.45, 0.81)

198.55

(141.47, 258.12)

5.88

(4.18, 7.59)

0.67

(0.48, 0.87)

− 1.13

(− 1.32, − 0.95)

0.25

(0.13, 0.36)

Disease type

All

144.48

(107.16, 182.09)

3.97

(2.97, 4.98)

0.54

(0.41, 0.68)

239.33

(179.52, 299.21)

3.05

(2.29, 3.82)

0.57

(0.42, 0.71)

− 0.92

(− 1.12, − 0.73)

0.13

(− 0.01, 0.28)

Neoplasms

143.02

(105.80, 180.41)

3.93

(2.93, 4.94)

2.66

(1.99, 3.35)

235.76

(176.17, 295.88)

3.01

(2.24, 3.77)

2.4

(1.79, 3.02)

− 0.94

(− 1.13, − 0.75)

− 0.36

(− 0.53, − 0.19)

Larynx cancer

2.74

(1.52, 4.10)

0.08

(0.04, 0.11)

3.45

(1.93, 5.11)

3.68

(2.04, 5.53)

0.05

(0.03, 0.07)

3.12

(1.75, 4.64)

− 1.62

(− 1.77, − 1.47)

− 0.34

(− 0.48, − 0.19)

Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer

122.21

(86.78, 158.14)

3.37

(2.41, 4.34)

12.34

(8.73, 15.89)

198.7

(140.37, 257.41)

2.54

(1.80, 3.28)

10.09

(7.14, 12.97)

− 0.99

(− 1.20, − 0.78)

− 0.71

(− 0.77, − 0.65)

Ovarian cancer

4.03

(1.86, 6.54)

0.12

(0.05, 0.19)

4.64

(2.14, 7.50)

6.56

(2.95, 10.66)

0.08

(0.04, 0.14)

3.47

(1.61, 5.69)

− 1.12

(− 1.33, − 0.91)

− 1.04

(− 1.20, − 0.88)

Mesothelioma

14.04

(12.48, 15.70)

0.37

(0.33, 0.42)

92.74

(90.96, 94.33)

26.82

(24.31, 28.62)

0.33

(0.30, 0.36)

91.91

(90.02, 93.59)

− 0.37

(− 0.47, − 0.27)

− 0.03

(− 0.04, − 0.02)

Chronic respiratory diseases

1.46

(1.18, 1.75)

0.04

(0.03, 0.05)

0.05

(0.04, 0.06)

3.57

(2.58, 4.05)

0.05

(0.03, 0.05)

0.09

(0.06, 0.10)

0.49

(0.22, 0.75)

2.39

(2.17, 2.62)

Asbestosis

1.46

(1.18, 1.75)

0.04

(0.03, 0.05)

6.50

(5.23, 8.03)

3.57

(2.58, 4.05)

0.05

(0.03, 0.05)

16.04

(10.91, 18.10)

0.49

(0.22, 0.75)

3.23

(3.09, 3.36)

Location

SDI region

High SDI

100.2

(75.02, 123.86)

9.21

(6.88, 11.40)

1.36

(1.02, 1.68)

141.21

(107.98, 174.15)

6.77

(5.18, 8.37)

1.51

(1.16, 1.87)

− 1.05

(− 1.20, − 0.89)

0.37

(0.25, 0.48)

High-middle SDI

32.22

(23.49, 41.54)

3.11

(2.27, 3.99)

0.32

(0.24, 0.41)

56.64

(40.97, 73.96)

2.78

(2.01, 3.62)

0.46

(0.33, 0.59)

− 0.39

(− 0.77, 0.00)

1.18

(1.03, 1.33)

Middle SDI

7.72

(5.50, 10.63)

0.90

(0.65, 1.24)

0.08

(0.06, 0.11)

26.9

(18.86, 37.06)

1.23

(0.86, 1.69)

0.17

(0.12, 0.23)

1.08

(0.80, 1.37)

2.51

(2.37, 2.65)

Low-middle SDI

3.06

(2.08, 4.78)

0.61

(0.42, 0.95)

0.04

(0.03, 0.07)

11.54

(8.27, 15.31)

0.95

(0.68, 1.26)

0.10

(0.07, 0.13)

1.57

(1.23, 1.92)

3.16

(2.99, 3.32)

Low SDI

1.20

(0.61, 2.96)

0.58

(0.30, 1.45)

0.03

(0.02, 0.08)

2.93

(1.73, 6.26)

0.68

(0.40, 1.44)

0.06

(0.04, 0.13)

0.49

(0.34, 0.64)

2.12

(1.87, 2.37)

GBD region

Andean Latin America

0.37

(0.20, 0.54)

1.99

(1.07, 2.92)

0.21

(0.11, 0.31)

0.51

(0.32, 0.77)

0.97

(0.60, 1.46)

0.17

(0.11, 0.23)

− 2.42

(− 3.16, − 1.68)

− 0.73

(− 2.04, 0.59)

Australasia

3.37

(2.65, 4.04)

13.86

(10.88, 16.61)

2.14

(1.68, 2.56)

5.1

(4.11, 6.01)

9.53

(7.69, 11.27)

2.41

(1.95, 2.83)

− 1.26

(− 1.47, − 1.05)

0.37

(0.26, 0.47)

Caribbean

0.30

(0.20, 0.41)

1.20

(0.81, 1.66)

0.13

(0.09, 0.18)

0.53

(0.34, 0.77)

1.02

(0.65, 1.49)

0.13

(0.09, 0.19)

− 0.47

(− 1.24, 0.30)

− 0.07

(− 0.48, 0.34)

Central Asia

0.66

(0.42, 0.99)

1.41

(0.91, 2.06)

0.14

(0.09, 0.20)

0.94

(0.64, 1.29)

1.43

(0.98, 1.96)

0.14

(0.10, 0.19)

0.08

(− 0.52, 0.68)

0.20

(− 0.16, 0.56)

Central Europe

2.86

(1.93, 3.97)

1.88

(1.28, 2.60)

0.19

(0.13, 0.26)

7.73

(5.06, 10.99)

3.42

(2.23, 4.86)

0.52

(0.36,0.73)

2.07

(1.74, 2.41)

3.60

(3.07, 4.12)

Central Latin America

0.7

(0.52, 0.91)

0.94

(0.69, 1.23)

0.11

(0.08, 0.14)

2.03

(1.44, 2.74)

0.89

(0.64, 1.21)

0.14

(0.11, 0.19)

− 0.24

(− 0.99, 0.52)

0.88

(0.18, 1.59)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

0.22

(0.09, 0.72)

1.16

(0.45, 3.76)

0.06

(0.02, 0.20)

0.43

(0.16, 1.32)

1.00

(0.38, 3.07)

0.08

(0.03, 0.25)

− 0.5

(− 0.70, − 0.30)

0.89

(0.75, 1.04)

East Asia

6.49

(4.34, 9.7)

0.92

(0.62, 1.37)

0.08

(0.06, 0.12)

27.16

(17.91, 39.36)

1.47

(0.97, 2.10)

0.23

(0.16, 0.33)

1.58

(1.25, 1.91)

3.58

(3.19, 3.96)

Eastern Europe

5.27

(3.63, 7.26)

1.83

(1.26, 2.51)

0.18

(0.13, 0.25)

6.34

(4.28, 8.79)

1.8

(1.22, 2.49)

0.21

(0.15, 0.29)

0.11

(− 1.16, 1.4)

0.77

(0.15, 1.39)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

0.52

(0.22, 1.64)

0.79

(0.33, 2.49)

0.04

(0.02, 0.13)

1.12

(0.48, 3.52)

0.83

(0.35, 2.59)

0.07

(0.03, 0.22)

0.15

(0.05, 0.24)

2.10

(1.85, 2.35)

High-income Asia Pacific

6.54

(4.58, 8.6)

3.47

(2.45, 4.54)

0.58

(0.41, 0.76)

22.61

(15.55, 29.83)

4.05

(2.80, 5.35)

1.21

(0.84, 1.60)

0.52

(0.08, 0.95)

2.55

(2.21, 2.90)

High-income North America

38.04

(27.91, 47.52)

10.16

(7.43, 12.74)

1.53

(1.12, 1.92)

47.21

(35.47, 59.26)

7.06

(5.30, 8.87)

1.37

(1.03, 1.72)

− 1.20

(− 1.43, − 0.98)

− 0.38

(− 0.51, − 0.26)

North Africa and Middle East

3.51

(2.20, 5.07)

2.21

(1.43, 3.17)

0.19

(0.12, 0.27)

7.18

(4.36, 10.97)

1.90

(1.18, 2.86)

0.25

(0.15, 0.36)

− 0.58

(− 1.18, 0.04)

0.73

(0.23, 1.23)

Oceania

0.03

(0.02, 0.05)

1.30

(0.81, 2.06)

0.10

(0.06, 0.15)

0.11

(0.06, 0.18)

1.86

(1.11, 3.06)

0.15

(0.09,0.23)

1.24

(1.09, 1.39)

1.55

(1.35, 1.74)

South Asia

2.50

(1.62, 4.09)

0.55

(0.36, 0.90)

0.04

(0.02, 0.06)

9.51

(6.72, 13.23)

0.77

(0.55, 1.06)

0.08

(0.06, 0.11)

1.22

(0.45, 1.99)

3.07

(2.82, 3.32)

Southeast Asia

1.64

(1.07, 2.37)

0.72

(0.47, 1.05)

0.06

(0.04, 0.09)

5.20

(3.32, 7.75)

1.00

(0.63, 1.48)

0.12

(0.08, 0.18)

1.21

(0.81, 1.62)

2.41

(1.92, 2.91)

Southern Latin America

1.18

(0.80, 1.59)

2.59

(1.76, 3.50)

0.32

(0.21, 0.43)

2.48

(1.65, 3.40)

2.90

(1.93, 3.98)

0.48

(0.33,0.66)

0.50

(− 0.10, 1.11)

1.48

(1.07, 1.90)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

1.16

(0.81, 1.62)

4.59

(3.23, 6.45)

0.40

(0.27, 0.56)

2.26

(1.69, 2.88)

4.50

(3.36, 5.67)

0.37

(0.28, 0.47)

− 0.08

(− 0.85, 0.69)

− 0.27

(− 0.73, 0.18)

Tropical Latin America

1.57

(1.20, 1.99)

2.01

(1.52, 2.54)

0.20

(0.15, 0.25)

4.35

(3.32, 5.45)

1.89

(1.43, 2.37)

0.30

(0.23, 0.38)

− 0.19

(− 0.40, 0.03)

1.43

(1.21, 1.65)

Western Europe

67.24

(51.12, 82.28)

11.09

(8.39, 13.61)

1.63

(1.24, 2.01)

85.99

(67.03, 105.05)

8.68

(6.71, 10.64)

2.05

(1.59, 2.52)

− 0.85

(− 0.95,− 0.75)

0.79

(0.68, 0.90)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

0.31

(0.17, 0.59)

0.39

(0.22, 0.74)

0.02

(0.01, 0.04)

0.54

(0.32, 1.01)

0.34

(0.20, 0.63)

0.03

(0.02, 0.05)

− 0.42

(− 0.63, − 0.21)

0.76

(0.52, 1.00)