Table 3 Factors associated with Zero dose coverage in underserved settings in Ethiopia by socioeconomic, maternal, and child characteristics in Ethiopia, June 2022

Wealth status

 Richest

1

1

 Richer

1.18 (0.99-1.42)

1.32(0.81–2.14)

 Middle

1.57(1.19–2.09)

1.66(0.91–3.03)

 Poorer

2.34(1.79–3.06)

1.96(1.02–3.77)

 Poorest

2.95(2.26–3.87)

2.78(1.70–4.53)

Hard to reach areas

 Yes

1.74 (1.05–2.87)

1.64 (0.88–3.06)

 No

1

1

Pastoralist Regions

 Yes

2.23(1.06–4.68)

0.66(0.34–1.27)

 No

1

1

Developing regions

 Yes

2.72 (1.36–5.44)

4.49(1.44–14.02)

 No

1

1

Refugees

 Yes

0.83(0.56–1.23)

2.38(0.96–5.90)

 No

1

Conflict affected areas

 Yes

1.01 (1.00-1.07)

1.00(0.63–1.43)

 No

1

1

Urban slum areas

 Yes

1

1

 No

6.36(2.30–17.60)

1.19 (0.43–3.35)

Maternal educational status

 No formal education

3.24(0.74–14.19)

1.17(0.38–3.62)

 Primary education

3.02(0.65–14.15)

1.33(0.38–4.74)

 Secondary education

2.65(0.68–10.38)

1.73(0.43-7.00)

 Tertiary education

1

1

Maternal employment

 Working

1.31(0.96–1.80)

1.43(1.00-2.05)

 Not working

1

1

Paternal educational status

 No formal education

1.40 (1.13–1.75)

1.26(1.00-1.59)

 Primary education

1.42(1.07–1.89)

1.27(0.93–1.75)

 Secondary education

1

1

 Tertiary education

0.61(0.28–1.33)

0.71 (0.39–1.26)

 No Husband

-

-

 DK

-

-

Place of residence

 Urban

1

1

 Rural

1.46(1.11–1.92)

1.09(0.80–1.49)

Child Age

 12–23

1

1

 24–35

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

1.04(0.92–1.18)

Child sex

 Boys

1

-

 Girls

1.02 (0.89–1.17)

-

Number of under-five children

 One

1

1

 Two

1.00(0.88–1.15)

0.79(0.39–1.60)

 Three or more

1.53(1.11–2.11)

1.11(0.26–4.85)

Marital status

 Currently not married

1.51(1.34–1.69)

2.39(1.72–3.33)

 Married/ living together

1

1

Maternal age

 15–24

1.20(1.08–1.34)

1.19(1.08–1.31)

 25–34

1

1

 35–44

1.10(0.68–1.63)

1.20(0.65–2.24)

 45 or above

1.62(1.17–2.25)

1.17(0.47–2.91)

 DK

-

ANC visits

 4 or more

1

1

 Less than 4 visits

1.73 (1.58–1.91)

1.29(1.19–1.41)

SBA

 No

2.00(1.39–2.90)

1.32(0.84–2.07)

 Yes

1

1

PNC

 No

2.20(1.67–2.91)

2.09(1.45–3.02)

 Yes

1

1

Availability of health facility in the kebele

 Yes

1

1

 No

4.40(3.06–6.32)

3.70 (2.55–5.36)

One-way walking distance to the nearest health facility

 30 min or less

1

1

 30–60 min

1.20(0.78–1.83)

(0.75–2.24)

 More than an hour

1.52(1.14–2.03)

1.00(0.73–1.26)

Gender empowerment

 Low

1.64(1.28–2.12)

1.63(1.26–2.096)

 Medium

1.62(1.24–2.11)

1.71(1.16–2.52)

 High

1

1

 No married

-

-