Table 2 Youth economic and time use outcomes, stratified by gender (N = 760)

Time Use - yesterday (hours)

 Collecting water or firewood

1.16

1.49

0.88

< 0.001

 Collecting nuts or other tree fruits, honey or other products from forest

0.24

0.33

0.18

0.009

 Caring for children, cooking, cleaning

1.66

2.58

0.89

< 0.001

 Caring for elderly or sick household members

0.6

0.89

0.36

< 0.001

Changes at market household usually shops at - compared to March 2020 (N = 756)

 Prices increased more than usual

51.06

55.23

47.57

0.036

 Tried to purchase food or essential items that household purchases frequently but was unable to purchase due to limited supply or they were not available in the market - compared to March 2020

38.36

40.12

36.89

0.364

Standard of living compared to March 2020

 Getting worse

15.13

15.7

14.66

0.692

 Getting better

29.08

32.85

25.96

0.037

 Staying the same

55.79

51.45

59.38

0.029

Food insecurity

 Any household member was not able to eat the kinds of foods preferred because of lack of resources - sometimes or often (past month)

26.84

31.98

22.6

0.004

 Any household member had to eat some foods they really did not want to eat because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food - sometimes or often (past month)

25.53

32.56

19.71

< 0.001

 Either unable to eat preferred foods or ate unwanted foods

18.52

23.66

14.46

< 0.001

Water insecurity

 There has not been as much water to drink as you would like for you or anyone in your household (often or sometimes) - past month

6.45

9.01

4.32

0.009

 Anyone in household had to go without washing hands after dirty activities (e.g., defecating or changing diapers, cleaning animal dung) because of problems with water (often or sometimes) - past month

5.66

9.01

2.88

< 0.001