Loneliness, belonging and psychosomatic complaints across late adolescence and young adulthood: a Swedish cohort study

Table 1 Distribution of sociodemographic characteristics (education/employment status, living arrangements, parental education, and parental country of birth), for all and by gender. Differences by gender assessed with χ² tests. (n = 2684)

	All		Males		Females		P
	n	%	n	%	n	%
	2684	100	1116	41.6	1568	58.4
Educational/employment status (17–18 years)
In high school	2632	98.1	1084	97.1	1548	98.8	0.015
Other	52	1.9	32	2.9	20	1.2	0.015
Educational/employment status (20–21 years)
In education	1289	48.0	522	46.8	767	48.9	< 0.001
Working	1143	42.6	459	41.1	684	43.6
Other	252	9.4	135	12.1	117	7.5
Living arrangements (17–18 years)
Both parents	1731	64.5	761	68.2	970	61.9	0.010
Shared residence	301	11.2	120	10.7	181	11.5
Single parent	397	14.8	138	12.4	259	16.5
Living in own accommodation	60	2.2	23	2.1	37	2.4
Other	195	7.3	74	6.6	121	7.7
Living arrangements (20–21 years)
Both parents	1031	38.4	506	45.3	525	33.5	< 0.001
Single parent	399	14.9	158	14.2	241	15.4
Living alone	647	24.1	255	22.9	392	25.0
Other^a	607	22.6	197	17.6	410	26.1
Parental education
Upper secondary school (≤ 2 years) or less	379	14.1	135	12.1	244	15.6	0.052
Upper secondary school (≥ 3 years)	505	18.8	207	18.5	298	19.0
Tertiary education (≤ 2 years)	496	18.5	206	18.5	290	18.5
Tertiary education (≥ 3 years)	1304	48.6	568	50.9	736	46.9
Parental country of birth
At least one parent born in Sweden	2288	85.3	958	85.8	1330	84.8	0.462
Both parents born outside Sweden	396	14.7	158	14.2	238	15.2	0.462

^aIncluding living with siblings, friend(s) or partner and/or partner’s child(ren) and/or own child(ren)

ISSN: 1471-2458