Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D mediates the association between heavy metal exposure and cardiovascular disease

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Association between serum 25(OH)D and heavy metals

Vitamin D, nmol/L	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Vitamin D, nmol/L	β (95% CI) *10⁻²	β (95% CI) *10⁻²	β (95% CI) *10⁻²
Cadmium
Q1	Ref	Ref	Ref
Q2	-3.27 (-3.98, -2.57)^***	-4.30 (-5.02, -3.59)^***	-4.79 (-5.50, -4.08)^***
Q3	-5.65 (-6.38, -4.92)^***	-8.00 (-8.75, -7.24)^***	-9.83 (-10.63, -9.11)^***
Q4	-7.90 (-8.62, -7.18)^***	-11.70 (-12.56, -10.83)^***	-15.81 (-16.69, -14.92)^***
P for trend	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Lead
Q1	Ref	Ref	Ref
Q2	1.50 (0.76, 2.24)^***	0.43 (-0.31, 1.18)	-1.44 (-2.91, -0.69)^***
Q3	-2.25 (-1.00, 0.55)	-1.87 (-2.66, -1.09)^***	-4.41 (-5.22, -3.62)^***
Q4	-2.65 (-3.47, -1.84)^***	-4.47 (-5.31, -3.63)^***	-9.20 (-10.07, -8.33)^***
P for trend	0.016	< 0.001	< 0.001
Mercury
Q1	Ref	Ref	Ref
Q2	2.72 (2.01, 3.44)^***	2.86 (2.14, 3.58)^***	2.60 (1.89, 3.32)^***
Q3	2.70 (1.98, 3.42)^***	1.22 (0.50, 1.95)^***	0.05 (-0.68, 0.78)
Q4	8.42 (7.71, 9.12)^***	3.16 (2.43, 3.89)^***	0.11 (-0.63, 0.86)
P for trend	0.005	0.002	0.001
Manganese
Q1	Ref	Ref	Ref
Q2	3.68 (2.97, 4.37)^***	2.83 (2.13, 3.53)^***	2.76 (2.06, 3.47)^***
Q3	3.04 (2.34, 3.75)^***	2.20 (1.49, 2.91)^***	2.21 (1.49, 2.92)^***
Q4	-0.98 (-1.71, -0.26)^**	-2.21 (-2.94, -1.48)^***	-1.50 (-2.23, -7.62)^***
P for trend	0.001	0.001	< 0.001
Selenium
Q1	Ref	Ref	Ref
Q2	2.63 (1.92, 3.33)^***	1.57 (0.86, 2.27)^***	1.01 (0.29, 1.72)^**
Q3	2.30 (1.59, 3.01)^***	0.81 (0.09, 1.51)^*	-0.19 (-0.91, -0.53)
Q4	5.54 (4.84, 6.25)^***	3.71 (3.00, 4.42)^***	2.25 (1.52, 2.99)^***
P for trend	0.006	0.003	< 0.001

Model 1: age and sex
Model 2: model 1 variables plus race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty-income ratio, smoker, alcohol user, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 variables plus body mass index, mean energy intake, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides
Cadmium quartile (Q1: 0.07–0.19 ug/L; Q2: 0.20–0.31 ug/L; Q3: 0.32–0.55 ug/L; and Q4: 0.56–13.03 ug/L); Lead quartile (Q1: 0.05–0.63 ug/L; Q2: 0.64–1.00 ug/L; Q3: 1.01–1.59 ug/L; and Q4: 1.60–61.29 ug/L); Mercury quartile (Q1: 0.11–0.41 ug/L; Q2: 0.42–0.79 ug/L; Q3: 0.80–1.62 ug/L; and Q4: 1.63–50.81 ug/L); Manganese quartile (Q1:1.57–7.43 ug/L; Q2: 7.44–9.24 ug/L; Q3: 9.25–11.55 ug/L; and Q4: 11.56–57.77 ug/L); Selenium quartile (Q1: 85.15–177.87 ug/L; Q2: 177.88–192.47 ug/L; Q3: 192.48–207.54 ug/L; and Q4: 207.55–734.80 ug/L)
Abbreviations: Serum 25(OH)D 25-hydroxyvitamin D, CVD cardiovascular disease
^*P < 0.05
^**P < 0.01
^***P < 0.001

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