Table 1 Weighted characteristics of the study population based on serum 25(OH)D quartiles

Age, years

47.75 ± 0.44

42.36 ± 0.49

43.15 ± 0.60

47.25 ± 0.54

54.60 ± 0.52

 < 0.001

Sex, %

 Male

4630 (49.4%)

1152 (12.3%)

1290 (13.8%)

1211 (12.9%)

977 (10.4%)

 < 0.001

 Female

4747 (50.6%)

1199 (12.8%)

1056 (11.3%)

1130 (12.1%)

1362 (14.5%)

Race, %

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

1115 (11.9%)

369 (3.9%)

358 (3.8%)

259 (2.8%)

129 (1.4%)

 Other Hispanic

927 (9.9%)

194 (2.1%)

317 (3.4%)

253 (2.7%)

163 (1.7%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

2096 (22.4%)

972 (10.4%)

480 (5.1%)

330 (3.5%)

314 (3.3%)

 Non-Hispanic White

3837 (40.9%)

419 (4.5%)

819 (8.7%)

1154 (12.3%)

1445 (15.4%)

 Other race

1402 (15.0%)

397 (4.2%)

372 (4.0%)

345 (3.7%)

288 (3.1%)

 Family PIR

3.11 ± 0.05

2.53 ± 0.07

2.89 ± 0.06

3.24 ± 0.07

3.46 ± 0.06

 < 0.001

Education level, %

 < 0.001

 Less than high school

1663 (17.7%)

435 (4.6%)

474 (5.1%)

397 (4.2%)

357 (3.8%)

 High school

2073 (22.1%)

569 (6.1%)

537 (5.7%)

498 (5.3%)

469 (5.0%)

 More than high school

5641 (60.2%)

1347 (14.4%)

1335 (14.2%)

1446 (15.4%)

1513 (16.1%)

Marital status, %

 < 0.001

 Having a partner

5581 (59.5%)

1223 (13.0%)

1387 (14.8%)

1501 (16.0%)

1470 (15.7%)

 No partner

1953 (20.8%)

436 (4.6%)

440 (4.7%)

471 (5.0%)

606 (6.5%)

 Unmarried

1843 (19.7%)

692 (7.4%)

519 (5.5%)

369(3.9%)

263 (2.8%)

Smoker, %

 < 0.001

 Never

5395 (57.5%)

1389 (14.8%)

1398 (14.9%)

1325 (14.1%)

1283 (13.7%)

 Former

2232 (23.8%)

419 (4.5%)

493 (5.3%)

600 (6.4%)

720 (7.7%)

 Now

1750 (18.7%)

543 (5.8%)

455 (4.9%)

416 (4.4%)

336 (3.6%)

Alcohol user, %

 < 0.001

 No

1224 (13.1%)

350 (3.7%)

314 (3.3%)

254 (2.7%)

306 (3.3%)

 Former

1113 (11.9%)

231 (2.5%)

289 (3.1%)

277 (3.0%)

316 (3.4%)

 Mild

3565 (38.0%)

788 (8.4%)

842 (9.0%)

948 (10.1%)

986 (10.5%)

 Moderate

1594 (17.0%)

431 (4.6%)

375 (4.0%)

421 (4.5%)

367 (3.9%)

 Heavy

1882 (20.1%)

551 (5.9%)

526 (5.6%)

441 (4.7%)

364 (3.9%)

Hypertension, %

 < 0.001

 No

5358 (57.1%)

1415 (15.1%)

1478 (15.8%)

1377 (14.7%)

1088 (11.6%)

 Yes

4019 (42.9%)

936 (10.0%)

868 (9.3%)

964 (10.3%)

1251 (13.3%)

DM, %

0.063

 No

7632 (81.4%)

1903 (20.3%)

1942 (20.7%)

1937 (20.7%)

1850 (19.7%)

 Yes

1745 (18.6%)

448 (4.8%)

404 (4.3%)

404 (4.3%)

489(5.2%)

CHD, %

0.046

 No

9032 (96.3%)

2301 (24.5%)

2272 (24.2%)

2250 (24.0%)

2209 (23.6%)

 Yes

345 (3.7%)

50 (0.5%)

74 (0.8%)

91 (1.0%)

130 (1.4%)

CHF, %

0.001

 No

9109 (97.1%)

2287 (24.2%)

2286 (24.4%)

2295 (24.5%)

2241 (23.9%)

 Yes

268 (2.9%)

64 (0.7%)

60 (0.6%)

46 (0.5%)

98 (1.0%)

Angina pectoris, %

0.479

 No

9165 (97.7%)

2306 (24.6%)

2297 (24.5%)

2297 (24.5%)

2265 (24.2%)

 Yes

212 (2.3%)

45 (0.5%)

49 (0.5%)

44 (0.5%)

74 (0.8%)

Heart attack, %

0.143

 No

9020 (96.2%)

2278 (24.3%)

2270 (24.2%)

2264 (24.1%)

2208 (23.5%)

 Yes

357 (3.8%)

73 (0.8%)

76 (0.8%)

77 (0.8%)

131 (1.4%)

Stroke, %

 < 0.001

 No

9038 (96.4%)

2276 (24.3%)

2288 (24.4%)

2261 (24.1%)

2213 (23.6%)

 Yes

339 (3.6%)

75 (3.2%)

58 (0.6%)

80 (0.9%)

126 (1.3%)

CVD, %

 < 0.001

 No

8473 (90.4%)

2165 (23.1%)

2163 (23.1%)

2134 (22.8%)

2011 (21.4%)

 Yes

904 (9.6%)

186 (2.0%)

183 (2.0%)

207 (2.2%)

328 (3.5%)

BMI, kg/m²

29.35 ± 0.14

31.69 ± 0.21

30.00 ± 0.25

29.00 ± 0.19

27.88 ± 0.19

 < 0.001

Mean energy

2109.93 ± 13.11

2137.60 ± 23.82

2138.54 ± 24.69

2150.32 ± 21.81

2037.33 ± 19.35

 < 0.001

Intake (kcal/day)

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.23 ± 0.03

14.05 ± 0.06

14.37 ± 0.05

14.33 ± 0.04

14.14 ± 0.04

 < 0.001

 BUN, mg/dL

13.91 ± 0.09

12.09 ± 0.15

13.42 ± 0.15

14.03 ± 0.15

15.20 ± 0.16

 < 0.001

 UA, mg/dL

5.42 ± 0.02

5.52 ± 0.04

5.52 ± 0.04

5.41 ± 0.04

5.30 ± 0.04

 < 0.001

 Scr, mg/dL

0.88 ± 0.00

0.85 ± 0.01

0.87 ± 0.01

0.88 ± 0.00

0.92 ± 0.01

 < 0.001

 TC, mg/dL

193.25 ± 0.78

190.15 ± 1.22

189.77 ± 1.20

194.48 ± 1.06

196.44 ± 1.35

 < 0.001

 TG, mg/dL

150.15 ± 2.06

155.64 ± 4.43

157.13 ± 3.90

151.17 ± 3.56

141.02 ± 2.81

 < 0.001

 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

53.76 ± 0.33

50.49 ± 0.38

49.91 ± 0.47

53.20 ± 0.43

58.92 ± 0.59

 < 0.001

 Cadmium, ug/L

0.44 ± 0.01

0.49 ± 0.02

0.45 ± 0.02

0.42 ± 0.02

0.44 ± 0.02

0.093

 Lead, ug/dL

1.24 ± 0.03

1.23 ± 0.06

1.19 ± 0.05

1.23 ± 0.04

1.28 ± 0.04

0.381

 Mercury, ug/L

1.40 ± 0.07

1.03 ± 0.05

1.33 ± 0.10

1.53 ± 0.07

1.53 ± 0.10

 < 0.001

 Manganese, ug/L

9.71 ± 0.05

10.12 ± 0.11

9.93 ± 0.13

9.55 ± 0.09

9.46 ± 0.07

 < 0.001

 Selenium, ug/L

195.90 ± 0.80

193.69 ± 0.99

194.93 ± 0.93

196.12 ± 0.92

197.65 ± 1.26

0.022