Prevalence, risk factors and psychological consequences of workplace violence among health workers in the Greater Accra region, Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics influencing workplace violence

Characteristics	N	Workplace violence		χ2/t	p-value
Characteristics	N	No	Yes	χ2/t	p-value
Gender				0.31	0.576
Female	499	198 (39.68)	301 (60.32)
Male	108	46 (42.59)	62 (57.41)
Age				− 5.19	< 0.001*^b
Median (IQR)	32.0	30.0 (26.0–35.0)	33.0 (29.0–38.0)
Type of health worker				10.54	0.001*
Healthcare provider	542	230 (42.44)	312 (57.56)
Ancillary staff	65	14 (21.54)	51 (78.46)
Marital status				2.51	0.298^a
Single	295	128 (43.39)	167 (56.61)
Married	300	112 (37.33)	188 (62.67)
Divorced/separated/widowed	12	4 (33.33)	8 (66.67)
Highest educational level				10.57	0.001*
Primary/secondary	49	9 (18.37)	40 (81.63)
Tertiary	558	235 (42.11)	323 (57.89)
Income (GH¢)				-2.83	0.004*^b
Median (IQR)	2000	1500 (1000–3000)	2000 (1500–3500)
Type of health facility				0.08	0.773
Private	75	29 (38.67)	46 (61.33)
Public	532	215 (40.41)	317 (59.59)
Working experience				-3.41	< 0.001*^b
Median (IQR)	5.0	4.0 (2.0–10.0)	5.0 (3.0–12.0)
Type of employment				4.03	0.045*
Contract	95	47 (49.47)	48 (50.53)
Permanent	512	197 (38.48)	315 (61.52)
Current position				1.60	0.450
No position	473	184 (38.90)	289 (61.10)
Supervisor	100	44 (44.00)	56 (56.00)
Head of Department	34	16 (47.06)	18 (52.94)
Family conflicts				5.73	0.017*
Not at all	212	99 (46.70)	113 (53.30)
Occasionally	395	145 (36.71)	250 (63.29)
Consumption of alcohol				6.96	0.008*
No	531	224 (42.18)	307 (57.82)
Yes	76	20 (26.32)	56 (73.68)
Working days in a week				2.75	0.097
5 and below	493	206 (41.78)	287 (58.22)
Above 5	114	38 (33.33)	76 (66.67)

* significant variable (p-value < 0.05); ^ap-values calculated from Fishers’ exact test
^bp-values calculated from Mann-Whitney U test; IQR– Interquartile range

ISSN: 1471-2458