Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to smartphones use
Characteristics | Total Sample (N = 13,347, %) | Smartphone use | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 11,204, %) | Yes (N = 2143, %) | |||
Global cognition (mean ± SD) | 12.6 ± 3.3 | 12.2 ± 3.2 | 14.9 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
Mental status (mean ± SD) | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 8.1 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Episodic memory (mean ± SD) | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Female | 6759 (50.6) | 5784 (51.6) | 975 (45.5) | < 0.001 |
The elderly individuals | 7358 (55.1) | 6715 (59.9) | 643 (30) | < 0.001 |
Rural area | 9554 (71.6) | 8587 (76.6) | 967 (45.1) | < 0.001 |
High education level | 2006 (15) | 1158 (10.3) | 848 (39.6) | < 0.001 |
Married | 10,878 (81.5) | 9079 (81) | 1799 (83.9) | 0.001 |
Smoking status | 0.485 | |||
Never | 7670 (57.5) | 6449 (57.6) | 1221 (57) | |
Former | 1979 (14.8) | 1672 (14.9) | 307 (14.3) | |
Current | 3698 (27.7) | 3083 (27.5) | 615 (28.7) | |
Drinking status | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 8487 (63.6) | 7434 (66.4) | 1053 (49.1) | |
occasionally | 1102 (8.3) | 778 (6.9) | 324 (15.1) | |
everyday | 3758 (28.2) | 2992 (26.7) | 766 (35.7) | |
Sleep time (h) | < 0.001 | |||
6–8 | 7835 (58.7) | 6373 (56.9) | 1462 (68.2) | |
<6 | 4465 (33.5) | 3874 (34.6) | 591 (27.6) | |
>8 | 1047 (7.8) | 957 (8.5) | 90 (4.2) | |
Number of chronic diseases | < 0.001 | |||
0 | 2753 (20.6) | 2177 (19.4) | 576 (26.9) | |
1 | 3176 (23.8) | 2617 (23.4) | 559 (26.1) | |
2 | 2696 (20.2) | 2305 (20.6) | 391 (18.2) | |
≧ 3 | 4722 (35.4) | 4105 (36.6) | 617 (28.8) | |
Self-rated Health | < 0.001 | |||
Good | 3406 (25.5) | 2610 (23.3) | 796 (37.1) | |
Fair | 6699 (50.2) | 5609 (50.1) | 1090 (50.9) | |
Poor | 3242 (24.3) | 2985 (26.6) | 257 (12) | |