Economic and social determinants of health care utilization during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic among adults in Ghana: a population-based cross-sectional study

Table 2 Binary logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with low healthcare utilization among adults in Ghana

Variables	β	SE	COR (95%CI), p-value	β	SE	AOR (95%CI), p-value
Social Determinants
Lost or reduced wages
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	2.50	0.37	12.18 (5.95–24.95), < 0.001	2.01	0.46	7.44 (3.05–18.16), < 0.001
Investment/retirement loss
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	2.97	0.61	19.59 (5.87–65.35), < 0.001	2.37	0.72	10.69(2.60-43.88), 0.001**
Travel-related cancellation
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	2.23	0.46	9.27 (3.76–22.88), < 0.001	0.91	0.56	2.49 (0.82–7.49), 0.106
Economic determinants
Worry about food runouts
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	3.02	0.29	20.49 (11.71–35.85), < 0.001	1.92	0.52	6.85* (2.49–18.84), < 0.001**
Loss of source of financial support
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	3.35	0.30	28.47 (15.92–50.93), < 0.001	2.26	0.52	9.58* (3.44–26.73), < 0.001**
Difficulty paying for basic needs
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	2.13	0.27	8.39 (4.89–14.39), < 0.001	-1.65	0.64	0.19* (0.06–0.67), 0.010
Spending more time taking care of partners
No			Ref.			Ref.
Yes	2.76	0.30	15.79 (8.73–28.57), < 0.001	0.64	0.44	1.89 (0.79–4.50), 0.151

Footnote: Observations = 364, Probability chil2 = 0.0000, Pseudo R² = 0.5017. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001; β = Coefficient; SE = Standard error;

ISSN: 1471-2458