Table 1 Socio-demographic, COVID-19 status, social and economic determinants of related effect on healthcare utilization among adults in Ghana
Variables | Total N = 364 n (%) | Low healthcare utilization N = 216 n (%) | High healthcare utilization N = 148 n (%) | Chi-Square (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age [Mean (S.D)] | 31.6 (7.6) | 31.1 (7.5) | 32.4 (7.5) | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 193 (53.0) | 114 (52.8) | 79 (53.4) | 0.01 (0.910) |
Female | 171 (47.0) | 102 (47) | 69 (46.6) | |
Employment Status | ||||
Unemployed | 40 (11.0) | 25 (11.6) | 15 (10.1) | 0.19 (0.911) |
Student | 71 (19.5) | 42 (19.4) | 29 (19.6) | |
Employed | 253 (69.5) | 149 (69.0) | 104 (70.3) | |
Marital Status | ||||
Single | 178 (48.9) | 114 (52.8) | 64 (43.2) | 3.21 (0.201) |
Legally married | 161 (44.2) | 88 (40.7) | 73 (49.3) | |
Other | 25 (6.9) | 14 (6.5) | 11 (7.5) | |
Educational Level | ||||
Secondary | 42 (11.5) | 25 (11.6) | 17 (11.5) | 0.04 (0.982) |
University | 267 (73.4) | 159 (73.6) | 108 (73.0) | |
Post-graduate | 55 (15.1) | 32 (14.8) | 23 (15.5) | |
COVID-19 Status | ||||
Tested positive for COVID-19 | ||||
No | 346 (95.1) | 206 (95.4) | 140 (94.6) | |
Yes | 18 (4.9) | 10 (4.6) | 8 (5.4) | 0.11 (0.737) |
Experienced symptoms of COVID-19 | ||||
No | 322 (88.5) | 195 (90.3) | 127 (85.8) | |
Yes | 42 (11.5) | 21 (9.7) | 21 (14.2) | 1.72 (0.190) |
Close friend tested positive for COVID-19 | ||||
No | 274 (75.3) | 167 (77.3) | 107 (72.3) | |
Yes | 90 (24.7) | 49 (22.7) | 41 (27.7) | 1.19 (0.276) |
Social Determinants | ||||
Job loss or laying off | ||||
No | 342 (94.0) | 205 (94.9) | 137 (92.6) | |
Yes | 22 (6.0) | 11 (5.1) | 11 (7.4) | 0.85 (0.357) |
Lost or reduced wages | ||||
No | 299 (82.1) | 206 (95.4) | 93 (62.8) | |
Yes | 65 (17.9) | 10 (4.6) | 55 (37.2) | 63.37** (< 0.001) |
Investment/ retirement loss | ||||
No | 329 (90.4) | 213 (98.6) | 116 (78.4) | |
Yes | 35 (9.6) | 3 (1.4) | 32 (21.6) | 41.37** (< 0.001) |
Travel-related cancellation | ||||
No | 327 (89.8) | 210 (97.2) | 117 (79.1) | |
Yes | 37 (10.2) | 6 (2.8) | 31 (20.9) | 31.75** (< 0.001) |
Economic Determinants | ||||
Worry about food runouts | ||||
No | 236 (64.8) | 193 (89.4) | 43 (29.1) | |
Yes | 128 (35.2) | 23 (10.6) | 105 (70.9) | 140.05** (< 0.001) |
Loss of source of financial support | ||||
No | 229 (62.9) | 194 (89.8) | 35 (23.6) | |
Yes | 135 (37.1) | 22 (10.2) | 113 (76.4) | 164.78**(< 0.001) |
Loss of housing or homeless | ||||
No | 356 (97.8) | 211 (97.7) | 145 (98.0) | |
Yes | 8 (2.2) | 5 (2.3) | 3 (2.0) | 0.03 (0.854) |
Difficulty paying for basic needs | ||||
No | 267 (73.4) | 193 (89.4) | 74 (50.0) | |
Yes | 97 (26.6) | 23 (10.6) | 74 (50.0) | 69.58** (< 0.001) |
Spending more time taking care of partners | ||||
No | 262 (72.0) | 199 (92.1) | 63 (42.6) | |
Yes | 102 (28.0) | 17 (7.9) | 85 (57.4) | 106.96** (< 0.001) |