Table 2 Demographics, smartphone content usage, digital literacy and psychosocial characteristics based on the risk of smartphone overdependence
From: Smartphone usage and overdependence risk among middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study
Variables | N (%) or Mean ± SD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50–59 years | 60–69 years | |||||
No-risk (N = 3862) | Potential/high-risk (N = 929) | p-value* | No-risk (N = 4368) | Potential/high-risk (N = 842) | p-value* | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1856 (48.1%) | 439 (47.3%) | 0.661 | 2097 (48.0%) | 468 (53.6%) | < 0.001 |
Female | 200 (51.9%) | 490 (52.7%) | 2271 (52.0%) | 374 (44.4%) | ||
Education | ||||||
< middle school | 66 (1.7%) | 30 (3.2%) | 0.006 | 1132 (25.9%) | 179 (21.3%) | < 0.001 |
High school | 2225 (57.6%) | 546 (58.8%) | 2805 (64.2%) | 530 (62.9%) | ||
≥ University | 1571 (40.7%) | 353 (38.0%) | 431 (9.9%) | 133 (15.8%) | ||
Monthly household income | ||||||
< KRW 4 million | 1056 (27.3%) | 275 (29.6%) | 0.218 | 2912 (66.7%) | 519 (61.6%) | 0.015 |
KRW 4–6 million | 1747 (45.2%) | 422 (45.4%) | 860 (19.7%) | 184 (21.9%) | ||
≥ KRW 6 million | 1059 (27.4%) | 232 (25.0%) | 596 (13.6%) | 139 (16.5%) | ||
Job status | ||||||
No | 729 (18.9%) | 183 (19.7%) | 0.506 | 1406 (33.3%) | 226 (26.8%) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 3133 (81.1%) | 746 (80.3%) | 2902 (66.4%) | 616 (73.2%) | ||
Area of residence | ||||||
Metropolitan | 181 (46.9%) | 424 (45.6%) | < 0.001 | 1729 (39.6%) | 418 (49.6%) | < 0.001 |
City | 1365 (35.2%) | 287 (30.9%) | 1502 (34.4%) | 241 (28.6%) | ||
Small town | 686 (17.8%) | 218 (23.5%) | 1137 (26.0%) | 183 (21.7%) | ||
Smartphone content used | ||||||
Informative (6–42) | 28.15 ± 6.32 | 28.17 ± 6.64 | 0.935 | 26.25 ± 7.44 | 26.73 ± 6.90 | 0.252 |
Entertainment (5–35) | 21.23 ± 5.76 | 21.06 ± 6.40 | 0.673 | 19.30 ± 6.66 | 19.61 ± 7.00 | 0.527 |
Adult content/gambling (2–12) | 4.83 ± 2.98 | 5.33 ± 3.27 | 0.071 | 3.99 ± 2.68 | 4.98 ± 3.06 | 0.001 |
Communication (4–24) | 17.36 ± 4.02 | 17.41 ± 4.52 | 0.877 | 15.71 ± 4.84 | 16.33 ± 5.16 | 0.147 |
E-commerce (2–12) | 8.52 ± 2.44 | 8.58 ± 2.59 | 0.587 | 7.81 ± 2.77 | 7.84 ± 2.79 | 0.859 |
Life management (3–21) | 12.83 ± 3.37 | 12.81 ± 3.72 | 0.926 | 12.43 ± 3.78 | 12.27 ± 3.78 | 0.472 |
Work/education (2–12) | 7.75 ± 4.19 | 8.47 ± 4.58 | 0.139 | 6.78 ± 4.69 | 6.93 ± 4.20 | 0.775 |
Digital literacy (6–24) | 14.94 ± 3.59 | 15.51 ± 4.07 | < 0.001 | 12.58 ± 4.10 | 13.90 ± 4.04 | < 0.001 |
Psychosocial characteristics | ||||||
Social relations (3–12) | 8.59 ± 1.61 | 8.79 ± 1.69 | 0.001 | 8.38 ± 1.67 | 8.36 ± 1.73 | 0.829 |
Life satisfaction (7–28) | 20.80 ± 3.14 | 21.17 ± 3.21 | 0.001 | 20.09 ± 3.40 | 20.33 ± 3.24 | 0.063 |