Table 1 Characteristics of the reviewed studies

Zhou et al

(2023) [28]

China

N = 413

All female

22-40 years:

371 (89.8%);

41-57 years:

42 (10.2%)

Self-Regulation Questionnaire-Academic; Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA); Material and Time Richluence Scale (MATAS)

Subjective time pressure plays a mediating role between the internalization of maternal parental motivation and parental burnout, while the employment status of mothers plays a moderating role

At least a child was enrolled in the kindergarten or primary school years

M (SD):

1.96 (0.81)

Zhang et al. (2023) [29]

China

N = 723

Female:

489 (67.6%), male:

234 (32.4%)

Female:

(29.11 ± 1.64);

Male:

(33.33 ± 1.55)

Parental Burnout Assessment

(The Chinese version)

The mediating effect of parenting expectation on personality (neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and parenting burnout of exceptional children was moderated by the gender of parents

Exceptional children

Girl: 205; boy: 518, average age (7.24 ± 1.33)

\

Li et al. (2023) [30]

China

N = 215

All female

Unmitigated Communion Scale (UCSP); Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF); Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA)

The unmitigated communion not only directly predicts their parental burnout but also indirectly influences parental burnout through self-compassion among infants' mothers

Infants aged 0–3 years old; boy: 96 (44.7%), girl:119 (55.3%). A total of 20 (9.3%) were infants aged 0-1 years, 76 (35.3%) aged 1-2 years, and 119 (55.3%) aged 2–3 years

M (SD):

2.02 (0.64)

Zhuo et al. (2023) [31]

China

N = 107

All female

(32.83 ± 3.75)

Child-Parent Relationship Questionnaire; Parenting Burnout Scale; Beck Depression Instrument (BDI)

Association between Parent-Child Relationship and Second-Time Mother's Prenatal Depressive Symptoms: The Mediation Role of Parenting Burnout

The firstborns’ average age was 84 months (7.24 ± 2.67)

M (SD):

2.15 (1.17)

Zach et al. (2021) [32]

Israel

N = 91

Female:70 (76%), male:21 (24%)

(40.3 ± 6.2)

Parental Burnout Inventory; Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS)

Self-compassion and concern for others each predicted PB levels

Children with medical conditions that require chronic pediatric ambulatory treatment (9.6 ± 5.4) years

\

Lin et al. (2023) [33]

China

N = 203

Female:136 (67%),

male:67 (33%)

 < 30 years: 50 (24.6%)

30-40 years:127 (62.6%)

 > 40 years: 26 (12.8%)

Chinese version of the Parenting Burnout Assessment scale; Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS); 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)

There is a negative association between alexithymia with parental burnout, while perceive social support was the negative predictor of alexithymia and parental burnout. Women have a greater sense of parental burnout than men; The higher the monthly income, the lighter the sense of parental burnout

Autistic children

 ≤ 3 years:30 (14.8%),3- 6 years:140 (69%),3- 6 years:33 (16.3%)

61 (40, 92.5)

Huang et al. (2023) [34]

China

N = 560

All female

(30.8 ± 4.8)

Parental burnout assessment (PBA); Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS)

Postnatal depressive symptoms were positively associated with parental burnout

Infants

(9.0 ± 3.2) months

\

Lin et al. ( 2022) [35]

Polish

N = 643

Female: 387 (60.2%), male:256 (39.8%)

(37.65 ± 7.08)

Polish version of the Twenty Item Values Inventory (TwIVI) questionnaire; Parental Burnout Assessment

Consistent with previous studies, fathers reported fewer parental burnout symptoms compared to mothers.The role of values in predicting parental burnout

At least one child (6.63 ± 5.27) year

M (SD):

31.34 (26.47)

Sodi et al. (2020) [36]

African

N = 738

Female:360 (48.8%),

male: 378 (51.2%)

(38.1 ± 9.63)

Parental burnout assessment (PBA)

Significant association between parental burnout and education level, the number of children in the household, neighborhood, and the number of hours spent with children

Children

(5.40 ± 5.92)year

\

Kawamoto et al. (2018) [37]

Japan

N = 1200

Female: 600 (50%),

male: 600 (50%)

(44.1 ± 7.5)

PBI; the Japanese Burnout Inventory; the Japanese version of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; the Japanese version of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; the Todai Health Index Depression Scale

The present study confirmed preliminary validity of the PBI-J and found that parental perfectionism is one of the vulnerability factors in parental burnout

At least one child

The prevalence of parental burnout was estimated to be 4.2 (i.e., PBI-J scores above 88) to 17.3% (i.e., PBI-J scores above 67) in Japan

Szczygieł et al. (2020) [38]

Poland

N = 2130

Female:1328 (62.3%),

male: 802 (37.7%)

PBA; Personality Inventory NEO-FFI; the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form; the twelve-item version of the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List et al

Significant correlations were found between PBA-PL and neuroticism, emotional intelligence, maladaptive perfectionism, perceived social support, depressive symptoms, marital satisfaction, and life satisfaction

At least one child under the age of 5

Prevalence of parental burnout of 6.8% (9.3% of mothers, 2.3% of fathers) or 4.5% (6.3% of mothers, 1.4% of fathers) on the cut-off score of 86 and 92

Liu et al. (2023) [39]

China

N = 249

Female:118 (47.4%),

male: 131 (52.6%)

(33.95 ± 7.6)

The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Parental Burnout Assessment, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale

Both the effect of parenting stress on parental burnout and the mediating effect of resilience are moderated by rural/urban residence. This study highlights parenting stress is a risk factor for parental burnout and resilience is the potential mechanism underlying this relation

ASD < 18

M (SD):

22.912 (8.008)

Sekułowicz et al.(2022) [40]

Poland

N = 410

All female

(39.03 ± 7.42)

Parental Burnout Measure (PBM-12), International Personality Item Pool-Big Five Markers (IPIP-BFM-20), Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES-IV), a survey on childcare difficulties

These findings suggest that increased maternal emotional instability (neuroticism) and conscientiousness can lead to increased family communication problems, which may further lead to a breakdown of the equilibrium in the family system, resulting in the mother’s dissatisfaction with family life and a consequent increased risk of maternal burnout

ASD

(9.74 ± 7.41)

M (SD)

28.03 (6.62)

Séjourné et al. (2018) [41]

French

N = 263

All female

20-49 years

Burn-out Measure Short version (BMS-10), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support

(MSPSS), the Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI-s), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Bromley postnatal depres

sion scale

A clear relationship between maternal burn-out and anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as parental stress

Children’s ages ranged from 0-17 years: (4 ± 3.85)

20% of mothers were affected by maternal burn-out

Roskam et al. (2021) [3]

42 countries

N = 17,409

Female: 12,361 (71%),

male: 5048 (29%)

Mean age: 39.20

Parental burnout assessment (PBA)

Cultural values in Western countries may put parents under heightened levels of stress

At least one child

\

Prandstetter et al. (2023) [42]

Austrian

N = 121

All female

(38.9 ± 7.5) min = 25, max = 55

Parenting Scale (PS); Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-4); Intimate Partner Violence victimization (IPV victimization); Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) et al

Mothers' self-reports on PB were significantly linked to couple dissatisfaction and negative parenting behaviors. Decreasing couple conflict and violence may help to reduce parental stress, which in turn could minimize the risk of developing PB

Children aged 0-17 years

\

Piotrowski et al. (2023) [43]

Polish

N = 1471

Female:1199 (81.5%),

male: 265 (18%)

7 individuals who identified their gender as nonbinary or did not want to provide gender information (0.5%)

19 to 45 years ( 35.30 ± 5.98)

23-item Parental Burnout Assessment; a shortened version of the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour-Temperament Inventory; the International Personality Item Pool-Big Five Markers-20 (IPIP-BFM-20); the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS)

The severity of parental burnout was linked to traits ranging from biologically determined temperament traits to basic personality traits to a sense of parental identity

1 month to 26 years (8.22 ± 6.21)

\

Hong et al. (2022) [44]

Vietnamese

N = 821

Female:657 (80%),

male:164 (20%)

(39.49 ± 5.56)

Vietnamese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; the Vietnamese version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA); the Self-compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF)

Primary students' behavior problems were significantly positively correlated to parental burnout while negatively correlated with parents' self-compassion and academic outcomes

Students

(10.12 ± 0.853)

M (SD):

35.3 (18.354)

Favez N et al. (2023) [45]

Switzerland

N = 306

Female: 120 (39.2%),

male: 186

(60.8%)

(39.71 ± 6.56)

Coparenting Relationship Scale; Parental Burnout Assessment

A higher number of children and having younger children are linked to higher burnout; coparenting exposure to conflict is related to higher burnout, whereas endorsement of the partner's parenting is related to lower burnout

Children (5.26 ± 4.73)

\

Gannagé et al. (2020) [46]

Lebanese

N = 200

Female: 134 (67%),

male: 66 (33%)

20-55 years

(37.51 ± 8.40)

Parental Burnout Assessment

There was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of parental burnout, but mean levels were higher in mothers than in fathers. Both less educated parents and single parents reported higher parental burnout

(10.56 ± 8.02) for the oldest and (6.74 ± 5.86) for the youngest

Depending on the cut-off score used (i.e., 76 or 92), the analyses yielded a prevalence of parental burnout of 6.5% (7.5% among mothers, 4.5% among the fathers) or 5.5% (6.7% among mothers, 3% among the fathers), respectively, in Lebanese parents

Meeussen et al. (2018) [47]

United Kingdom or United States

N = 169

All female

(36.74 ± 7.62)

Parental Burnout Inventory

Feeling pressure to be a perfect mother was positively related to parental burnout, and this relation was mediated by parental stress, by a stronger cognitive prevention focus aimed at avoiding mistakes as a mother, and by higher maternal gatekeeping behaviors taking over family tasks from one's partner

Child ranging from zero to 20 (6.68 ± 5.49)

M (SD):

3.34 (1.44)

Lindström et al. (2011) [48]

Sweden

N = 252

Female: 142 (56.3%), male: 109 (43.7%)

Female: 44 (30-56),

male: 42 (25-56)

Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ);

Performance-Based Self-Esteem scale (PBSE)

For both genders, parental burnout was associated with low social support, lack of leisure time, financial concerns and a perception that the child’s disease affects everyday life. Low self-esteem and high need for control were risk factors for maternal burnout

The mean age of the children at the onset of T1DM was 7.5 (0.9-15.5) years, and the mean duration of their disease was 5.4 (0.5-16.5) years

\

Lin et al. (2022) [49]

United States, Poland, Peru, Turkey and Belgium

N = 1835

Belgium: (40.45 ± 8.98), Peru: (42.11 ± 13.01), Poland: (36.50 ± 7.87), Turkey: (35.63 ± 5.73), USA: (36.98 ± 8.75), Total: (37.38 ± 8.7)

12-item Interpersonal Support Evaluation List; the reappraisal subscale of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ); Parental Burnout Assessment

Both social support and cognitive reappraisal were associated with lower parental burnout

At least one child

M (SD): 26.67 (25.31)

Vigouroux et al. (2018) [50]

France

N = 372

Female: 314 (84.4%), male: 58 (15.6%)

23 to 65 years (36.76 ± 7.57)

Parental Burnout Inventory; the Alter Ego; the French translation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory

The number of children and wide age gaps between these children were moderate risk factors for parental burnout syndrome; emotional stability (opposite of neuroticism) was the personality trait that afforded the greatest protection against parental burnout syndrome; the same three personality traits (neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) were linked to parental burnout and its three dimensions

First child between the ages of 19 and 47 (29.66 ± 4.44)

\

Meryem et al. ( 2021) [51]

Turkey

145 children with ASD and 127 control children were enrolled along with their mothers and fathers

Mean ages of mothers and fathers of children with ASD were (34.9 ± 6.5) and (38.4 ± 9.0) years, respectively, while the corresponding ages for parents of children in the control group were (37.4 ± 6.2) and (39.2 ± 11.4) years

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)

Both mothers and fathers of children with ASD reported significantly elevated depressive and burnout symptoms; burnout scores of mothers were greater than those of fathers

145 children with ASD (7.2 ± 3.8) and 127 control children (9.5 ± 4.2)

\

Cheng et al. (2021) [52]

China

N = 227

All female

(40.52 ± 3.93)

Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA); Adult Attachment Scale (AAS); Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ)

Mother's attachment style not only affects their parental burnout directly, but also affecst their parental burnout indirectly through the mediation effect of negatively coping style

Grade 8 students

M (SD):

2.03 (0.94)