Table 4 Model summaries for the models where EQ-5D-derived utility score was the dependent variable
| Â | Beta coefficients (SE) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | EQ-5D-5L derived utility score | |||||
Model number | Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 2a | Model 2b | Model 3a | Model 3b |
PGSI score | -0.006 (0.003) | -0.003 (0.003) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
PGSI categories (ref = no-risk/ non-gambler) | ||||||
 Low Risk |  |  | -0.018 (0.023) | -0.030 (0.020) |  |  |
 Moderate Risk |  |  | -0.066 (0.035) | -0.052 (0.030) |  |  |
 High Risk |  |  | -0.092 (0.050) | -0.051 (0.043) |  |  |
7-item PGSI derived harm variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | -0.008* (0.004) | -0.005 (0.003) |
 Long-term mental disorder (ref = no) |  | -0.234** (0.029) |  | -0.237** (0.029) |  | -0.234** (0.029) |
 Disability Allowance (ref = no) |  | -0.232** (0.030) |  | -0.232** (0.030) |  | -0.232** (0.030) |
Frequency of alcohol intake (ref = non-drinker) | ||||||
 Almost every day |  | -0.002 (0.042) |  | 0.008 (0.042) |  | -0.003 (0.042) |
 Five or six days a week |  | -0.011 (0.048) |  | 0.001 (0.048) |  | -0.012 (0.048) |
 Three or four days a week |  | 0.038 (0.038) |  | 0.047 (0.039) |  | 0.037 (0.038) |
 Once or twice a week |  | -0.024 (0.033) |  | -0.013 (0.033) |  | -0.025 (0.033) |
 Once or twice a month |  | 0.010 (0.036) |  | 0.020 (0.036) |  | 0.009 (0.036) |
 Once every couple of months |  | 0.017 (0.044) |  | 0.028 (0.044) |  | 0.016 (0.044) |
 Once or Twice a Year |  | 0.056 (0.044) |  | 0.063 (0.044) |  | 0.055 (0.044) |
Cigarettes per day (ref = non-smoker) | ||||||
 >  = 10 |  | -0.049 (0.029) |  | -0.047 (0.029) |  | -0.048 (0.029) |
 < 10 |  | -0.038 (0.028) |  | -0.039 (0.028) |  | -0.037 (0.028) |
Age (ref = 16–19 years old) | ||||||
 20–24 |  | -0.002 (0.050) |  | -0.004 (0.051) |  | -0.002 (0.050) |
 25–29 |  | -0.016 (0.052) |  | -0.020 (0.052) |  | -0.016 (0.052) |
 30–34 |  | -0.007 (0.048) |  | -0.011 (0.048) |  | -0.006 (0.048) |
 35–39 |  | -0.010 (0.049) |  | -0.013 (0.049) |  | -0.008 (0.049) |
 40–44 |  | -0.032 (0.051) |  | -0.033 (0.051) |  | -0.030 (0.051) |
 45–49 |  | -0.113* (0.051) |  | -0.116* (0.051) |  | -0.112* (0.051) |
 50–54 |  | -0.079 (0.054) |  | -0.080 (0.055) |  | -0.077 (0.055) |
 55–59 |  | -0.088 (0.052) |  | -0.092 (0.052) |  | -0.086 (0.052) |
 60–64 |  | -0.118* (0.060) |  | -0.120* (0.060) |  | -0.116 (0.060) |
 65–69 |  | -0.016 (0.075) |  | -0.021 (0.075) |  | -0.014 (0.075) |
 70–74 |  | 0.027 (0.066) |  | 0.025 (0.066) |  | 0.029 (0.066) |
 75–79 |  | -0.203* (0.080) |  | -0.205* (0.080) |  | -0.202* (0.080) |
 80–84 |  | -0.256 (0.138) |  | -0.259 (0.137) |  | -0.253 (0.138) |
 85 +  |  | -0.133 (0.101) |  | -0.130 (0.101) |  | -0.129 (0.101) |
Male (ref = female) |  | 0.023 (0.021) |  | 0.024 (0.021) |  | 0.023 (0.021) |
Ethnicity (ref = white) | ||||||
 Black |  | 0.034 (0.056) |  | 0.035 (0.056) |  | 0.034 (0.056) |
 Asian |  | 0.005 (0.042) |  | 0.005 (0.042) |  | 0.005 (0.042) |
 Mixed |  | 0.003 (0.061) |  | 0.015 (0.061) |  | 0.002 (0.061) |
 Other |  | -0.068 (0.111) |  | -0.069 (0.111) |  | -0.068 (0.111) |
Constant | 0.825** (0.012) | 0.903** (0.051) | 0.833** (0.015) | 0.909** (0.051) | 0.825** (0.011) | 0.902** (0.051) |
Observations | 472 | 442 | 472 | 442 | 472 | 442 |
R2 | 0.008 | 0.371 | 0.013 | 0.376 | 0.011 | 0.371 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.006 | 0.323 | 0.007 | 0.325 | 0.009 | 0.324 |
Residual Std. Error | 0.228 (df = 470) | 0.184 (df = 410) | 0.228 (df = 468) | 0.183 (df = 408) | 0.228 (df = 470) | 0.183 (df = 410) |
F Statistic | 3.636 (df = 1; 470) | 7.798** (df = 31; 410) | 2.029 (df = 3; 468) | 7.446** (df = 33; 408) | 5.332* (df = 1; 470) | 7.816** (df = 31; 410) |