Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the sample before propensity score matching

N

6574 (97%)

236 (3%)

Sex

< 0.001

 Male

2859 (43.49%)

175 (74.15%)

 Female

3715 (56.51%)

61 (25.85%)

Age (years)

< 0.001

 16–29

960 (14.60%)

60 (25.42%)

 30–44

1575 (23.96%)

90 (38.14%)

 45–59

1733 (26.36%)

57 (24.15%)

 60–74

1628 (24.76%)

22 (9.32%)

 75 + 

678 (10.31%)

7 (2.97%)

Ethnicity

0.02

 White

5750 (87.56%)

211 (89.41%)

 Black

196 (2.98%)

6 (2.54%)

 Asian

464 (7.07%)

9 (3.81%)

 Mixed

100 (1.52%)

9 (3.81%)

 Other

57 (0.87%)

1 (0.42%)

 Missing

7

0

Highest educational qualification

0.001

 NVQ4/NVQ5/Degree or equiv

1939 (29.58%)

47 (19.92%)

 Higher ed below degree

768 (11.72%)

31 (13.14%)

 NVQ3/GCE A Level equiv

1053 (16.06%)

61 (25.85%)

 NVQ2/GCE O Level equiv

1264 (19.28%)

48 (20.34%)

 NVQ1/CSE other grade equiv

224 (3.42%)

8 (3.39%)

 Foreign/other

66 (1.01%)

1 (0.42%)

 No qualification

1241 (18.93%)

40 (16.95%)

 Missing

19

0

NS-SEC (occupation)

0.152

 Higher managerial and professional occupations

846 (13.09%)

21 (8.94%)

 Lower managerial and professional occupations

1616 (25.00%)

50 (21.28%)

 Intermediate occupations

924 (14.29%)

34 (14.47%)

 Small employers and own account workers

615 (9.51%)

25 (10.64%)

 Lower supervisory and technical occupations

394 (6.10%)

18 (7.66%)

 Semi-routine occupations

1069 (16.54%)

39 (16.60%)

 Routine occupations

744 (11.51%)

38 (16.17%)

 Never worked and long-term unemployed

110 (1.70%)

2 (0.85%)

 Other

146 (2.26%)

8 (3.40%)

 Missing

110

1

Marital status

< 0.001

 Single

1235 (18.79%)

79 (33.47%)

 Married, including civil partnership

3530 (53.70%)

83 (35.17%)

 Separated, including from civil partnership

126 (1.92%)

4 (1.69%)

 Divorced, including dissolved civil partnership

449 (6.83%)

16 (6.78%)

 Widowed, including civil partnership

405 (6.16%)

6 (2.54%)

 Cohabitees

829 (12.61%)

48 (20.34%)

Income (Equivalised Income Quintiles)

0.27

 Highest Quintile (> £52,817)

1045 (19.19%)

46 (22.55%)

 Second highest Quintile (> £31,967 <  = £52,817)

1077 (19.78%)

32 (15.69%)

 Middle Quintile (> £23,084 <  = £31,967)

1019 (18.71%)

31 (15.20%)

 Second lowest Quintile (> £14,918 <  = £23,084)

1168 (21.45%)

46 (22.55%)

 Lowest Quintile (< = £14,918)

1137 (20.88%)

49 (24.02%)

 Missing

1128

32

Residence

0.005

 Rural

1373 (20.89%)

31 (13.14%)

 Urban

5201 (79.11%)

205 (86.86%)

Long lasting condition affecting behaviour and social skills

0.023

 Yes

158 (5.31%)

11 (11.11%)

 No

2818 (94.69%)

88 (88.89%)

 Missing

3598

137