Table 2 Translation methods and modifications for all included studies
From: Psychometrics of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale and short form: a systematic review
Author Year | Translated Language | Forward Translation | Back Translation | Pilot-Testing | Other Modifications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) | |||||
Creedy 2003 [26] | NA | NA | NA | NA | None |
Dai 2003 [30] | Mandarin Chinese | Yes, by one professional translator | Yes, by two bilingual lay-people | Yes, n = 21 | Minor wording changes to eight items and removal of one item “I can always keep my baby awake at my breast during a feeding” |
Eksioglu 2011 [31] | Turkish | Yes, by five bilingual health professionals | Yes, by a linguist | Yes, n = 25 | Minor wording changes to three items |
Molina Torres 2003 [32] | Spanish | Yes, by three professional translators | Yes, by two bilingual lay-people | Yes, n = NR | None |
Oriá 2009 [33] | Portuguese | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, two bilingual translators | Yes, n = 15 pregnant and n = 15 postpartum women | Minor wording changes and changes to Likert response options |
Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale- Short Form (BSES-SF) | |||||
Amini 2019 [28] | Persian | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, by one bilingual translator | No | None |
Asgarian 2020 [34] | Iranian Farsi | Yes, by two bilingual researchers | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, n = 10 | Minor wording changes to two items |
Balaguer- Martinez 2022 [35] | Spanish | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Basu 2020 [36] | Hindi | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, by one native translator | Yes, n = 10 | Sample size included women up to 1 year postpartum; 50% conducted via interview at the request of participants |
Boateng 2019 [37] | Acholi and Langi | Yes, by four experts on nutrition, public health, breastfeeding, and medicine | Yes, the same four experts | No | Initially, two items were modified and five items were added to reflect EBF; then up analysis, 7 from the original items and 3 from the added items were dropped, resulting in a 9-items scale |
Brandão 2018 [38] | Portuguese | Yes, by two independent bilingual translators | Yes, by two independent bilingual translators | Yes, n = 15 | Antenatal version (e.g., items stem changes from “I can” to “I think I can”) |
Chipojola 2022 [18] | ChiPacewa | Yes, by one bilingual speaker | Yes, by one bilingual speaker | Yes, n = 20 fathers | Paternal version minor word changes |
Dennis 2011 [39] | NA | NA | NA | NA | Antenatal version: Stem of each question changed from “I can” to “I think I can” |
Dennis 2018 [19] | NA | NA | NA | NA | Paternal version: All item stems were changed from “I can always” to “I can always help mom”; the word “my baby” was changed to “our baby”; and finally, an item was changed to acknowledge that the mother breastfeeds |
Dodt 2012 [40] | Brazilian Portuguese | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Dos Santos 2016 [41] | Brazilian Portuguese | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Gerhardsson 2014 [42] | Swedish | Yes, by four breastfeeding experts | Yes, by a professional translator | Yes, n = 5 | None |
Gregory 2008 [43] | NA | NA | NA | NA | None |
Handayani 2013 [24] | Indonesia | Yes, by five bilingual translators | Yes, but unclear | No | None |
Husin 2017 [27] | Malay | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, n = NR | None |
Iliadou 2020 [44] | Greek | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Ip 2012 [45] | Hong Kong Chinese | Yes, by 1 of the authors, with reference to Chinese version of the original BSES (Dai and Dennis) | No | Yes, n = 12 | Minor modifications (unspecified) |
Ip 2016 [46] | Mandarin Chinese | NA | NA | Yes, n = 10 | None – relevant items for the BSES-SF taken from the validated Mandarin version of the full scale |
Küçükoğlu 2023 [20] | Turkish | Yes, by three bilingual translators | Yes, by three bilingual translators | Yes, n = 20 fathers | None |
Maurer (n.d.) (Maurer, et al.: The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale - short form (BSES): German translation and psychometric assessment, unpublished) | German | Yes, by three independent teams | Yes | Yes, by breastfeeding experts (n = 7) and breastfeeding mothers (n = 11) | None |
McCarter-Spaulding 2010 [47] | NA | NA | NA | NA | None |
McQueen 2013 [48] | NA | NA | NA | NA | None |
Mituki 2017 [25] | Kiswahili | Yes, by one native speaker | Yes, by one native speaker | NR | Minor wording changes to seven items and the Likert scale phases were modified |
Oliver-Roig 2012 [49] | Spanish | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, n = 9 | Minor changes, e.g., changed “confidence” in the English version to “self-confidence” in the Spanish version |
Otsuka 2008 [50] | Japanese | Yes, separately by first author and a bilingual breastfeeding mother | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, n = 11 | Two minor wording modifications |
Pavicic-Bosnjak 2012 [51] | Croatian | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, by two bilingual lay translators | Yes, n = 20 | Minor wording modifications on 2 items, and change of Likert-scale from “very confident / not confident” to “strongly agree / strongly disagree” |
Petrozzi 2016 [52] | Italian | Yes, by the authors | Yes, by an English-speaker fluent in Italian | Yes, n = NR | None |
Radwan 2022 [53] | Arabic | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, n = 10 | Yes, some questions reworded for clarity |
Sandhi 2022 [29] | Bahasa Indonesia | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, n = 10 | None |
Tokat 2010 [54] | Turkish | Yes, by three bilingual translators | Yes, by one lay bilingual translator | Yes, n = 11 pregnant and n = 16 postpartum women | Minor change to one item |
Tokat 2020 [21] | Turkish | Yes, by three bilingual translators | Yes, by one bilingual translator | Yes, n = 12 | None |
Wheeler 2013 [22] | NA | NA | NA | Yes, n = 10 | Preterm version: 4 items added to make scale applicable to mothers with ill or pre-term infants |
Witten 2020 [55] | Setswana | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, by two bilingual translators | Yes, n = 6 | Minor wording changes to Likert scale |
Wutke 2007 [56] | Polish | Yes, by 5 bilingual graduate students not associated with the project | Yes, by 5 different bilingual graduate students | Yes, n = 31 | Wording modified for some items to improve clarity |
Yang 2020 [23] | Chinese | Yes, by 2 bilingual translators | Yes, by 2 bilingual translators | Yes, n = 15 | None |
Zubaran 2010 [57] | Brazilian Portuguese | Yes, by 2 bilingual investigators | Yes, by the same two investigators | Yes, n = 10 | None |