Table 2 Characteristics of participants from the NHANES 2007–2018

N

8 431

5 436

1 765

869

103

Age, mean ± SD

46.75 ± 17.46

49.65 ± 16.81

34.52 ± 14.16

55.55 ± 14.73

48.45 ± 16.54

< 0.0001

Gender, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Male

4 139 (49.09)

2 719 (50.02)

773 (43.82)

484 (55.70)

52 (50.93)

 Female

4 292 (50.91)

2 717 (49.98)

992 (56.18)

385 (44.30)

51 (49.07)

BMI, n (%)

< 0.0001

 < 25

2 588 (30.70)

1 457 (26.80)

747 (42.34)

267 (30.76)

50 (48.39)

 25 ≤ BMI ≤ 30

2 977 (35.31)

2 023 (37.22)

516 (29.26)

311 (35.78)

31 (30.44)

 > 30

2 866 (33.99)

1 956 (35.98)

501 (28.40)

291 (33.47)

22 (21.17)

Race/Ethnicity, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Mexican American and Hispanic

1 234 (14.64)

821 (15.11)

253 (14.36)

104 (11.92)

8 (7.72)

 Non-Hispanic White and Multi-Racial

5 743 (68.12)

3 922 (72.14)

1 185 (67.13)

360 (41.46)

25 (24.64)

 Non-Hispanic Black

948 (11.24)

527 (9.69)

199 (11.29)

198 (22.73)

20 (19.19)

 Non-Hispanic Asian

506 (6.00)

166 (3.06)

127 (7.22)

208 (23.89)

50 (48.45)

Education level, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Less than 9th grade

457 (5.42)

331 (6.08)

29 (1.67)

76 (8.80)

12 (11.32)

 9-12th grade

841 (9.98)

573 (10.54)

125 (7.06)

116 (13.30)

9 (8.49)

 High school graduate /GED

1 715 (20.34)

1 200 (22.08)

252 (14.27)

183 (21.07)

20 (19.67)

 College or AA degree

2 596 (30.79)

1 614 (29.70)

617 (34.98)

245 (28.19)

30 (29.34)

 College graduate or above

2 540 (30.13)

1 566 (28.80)

634 (35.92)

247 (28.37)

28 (27.06)

 Unkown

282 (3.34)

152 (2.80)

109 (6.10)

2 (0.27)

4 (4.12)

 PIR, mean ± SD

2.82 ± 1.64

2.85 ± 1.63

2.87 ± 1.68

2.57 ± 1.56

2.47 ± 1.49

< 0.0001

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Married or living with partner

5 526 (65.54)

3 747 (68.93)

946 (53.59)

605 (69.61)

67 (65.38)

 Divorced or separated

1 064 (12.62)

749 (13.78)

149 (8.44)

121 (13.91)

14 (13.44)

 Never married

1 559 (18.49)

789 (14.51)

562 (31.85)

140 (16.16)

17 (16.38)

 Unkown

282 (3.35)

151 (2.78)

108 (6.12)

3 (0.32)

5 (4.80)

Smoking Status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Yes

1 554 (18.43)

1 018 (18.72)

313 (17.71)

153 (17.59)

13 (12.96)

 No

6 877 (81.57)

4 418 (81.28)

1 452 (82.29)

716 (82.41)

90 (87.04)

Diabetes, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Yes

756 (8.97)

543 (9.99)

69 (3.89)

127 (14.59)

10 (9.33)

 No

7 476 (88.67)

4 767 (87.69)

1 661 (94.08)

717 (82.55)

89 (86.41)

 Doubtful

196 (2.32)

124 (2.28)

35 (2.01)

25 (2.86)

4 (4.26)

 Unkown

3 (0.04)

2 (0.04)

-

-

-

High Blood Pressure, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Yes

2 622 (31.10)

1 914 (35.21)

318 (18.03)

276 (31.73)

21 (20.82)

 No

5 666 (67.20)

3 519 (64.73)

1 444 (81.8)

427 (49.09)

67 (64.15)

 Unkown

143 (1.70)

3 (0.06)

3 (0.17)

167 (19.18)

15 (15.03)

HDL/Cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD

53.06 ± 15.51

52.78 ± 15.68

54.03 ± 14.78

53.23 ± 16.18

54.31 ± 17.65

0.0107

ALP (IU/L), mean ± SD

66.06 ± 23.74

66.71 ± 24.08

62.35 ± 21.65

70.64 ± 25.54

70.20 ± 27.56

< 0.0001

AST (U/L), mean ± SD

25.17 ± 15.16

25.46 ± 13.67

24.34 ± 19.08

24.56 ± 14.61

31.30 ± 19.20

0.0012

ALT (U/L), mean ± SD

24.61 ± 17.26

24.93 ± 17.35

23.82 ± 17.24

23.40 ± 14.60

35.51 ± 31.92

< 0.0001

AST/ALT, mean ± SD

1.13 ± 0.35

1.13 ± 0.35

1.14 ± 0.34

1.15 ± 0.35

1.05 ± 0.32

0.1883