Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios (with 95% CI) for anaemia among WRA (15–49 years) in Aspirational Districts of India, NFHS-4 and NFHS-5.

Biodemographic and socioeconomic variables

Age (in years)

15–19®

20–29

0.94

0.91

0.97

< 0.001

0.93

0.90

0.96

< 0.001

0.95

0.92

0.98

0.003

30–39

0.89

0.85

0.92

< 0.001

0.89

0.85

0.92

< 0.001

0.93

0.89

0.97

< 0.001

40–49

0.93

0.89

0.97

0.001

0.93

0.89

0.97

0.001

0.98

0.94

1.03

0.402

Marital status

Not married®

Currently married

0.93

0.89

0.96

< 0.001

0.93

0.90

0.97

< 0.001

0.96

0.92

1.00

0.055

Formerly married

1.06

1.00

1.12

0.048

1.05

0.99

1.11

0.117

1.07

1.01

1.14

0.016

Parity

No child®

1–2 children

1.06

1.02

1.10

0.002

1.08

1.04

1.13

< 0.001

1.09

1.05

1.13

< 0.001

3–4 children

1.08

1.04

1.13

< 0.001

1.12

1.07

1.17

< 0.001

1.13

1.08

1.17

< 0.001

5 and above

1.04

0.99

1.09

0.093

1.07

1.02

1.13

0.006

1.08

1.03

1.14

0.002

Breastfeeding status

Not breastfeeding®

Breastfeeding

1.24

1.21

1.28

< 0.001

1.22

1.19

1.25

< 0.001

1.17

1.13

1.20

< 0.001

Pregnancy status

Not pregnant®

Pregnant

0.88

0.85

0.92

< 0.001

0.86

0.82

0.90

< 0.001

0.89

0.85

0.93

< 0.001

Level of education

No education®

Primary

0.91

0.88

0.93

< 0.001

0.92

0.89

0.95

< 0.001

0.92

0.90

0.95

< 0.001

Secondary

0.92

0.90

0.94

< 0.001

0.94

0.92

0.96

< 0.001

0.93

0.90

0.95

< 0.001

Higher

0.87

0.84

0.91

< 0.001

0.90

0.87

0.94

< 0.001

0.87

0.84

0.91

< 0.001

Social groups

Others®

SC

1.14

1.11

1.18

< 0.001

1.12

1.09

1.16

< 0.001

1.10

1.07

1.14

< 0.001

ST

1.47

1.42

1.52

< 0.001

1.42

1.38

1.47

< 0.001

1.39

1.35

1.44

< 0.001

OBC

1.05

1.03

1.08

< 0.001

1.04

1.01

1.07

0.004

1.03

1.00

1.05

0.049

Religion

Hindu®

Muslim

0.92

0.89

0.94

< 0.001

0.87

0.84

0.89

< 0.001

0.88

0.85

0.90

< 0.001

Christian

0.59

0.57

0.61

< 0.001

0.57

0.55

0.60

< 0.001

0.59

0.57

0.62

< 0.001

Others

0.98

0.94

1.03

0.441

0.99

0.95

1.03

0.593

1.01

0.97

1.06

0.550

Household wealth

Richest®

Poorest

1.48

1.42

1.54

< 0.001

1.35

1.29

1.41

< 0.001

1.27

1.22

1.33

< 0.001

Poorer

1.28

1.23

1.33

< 0.001

1.20

1.15

1.25

< 0.001

1.15

1.11

1.20

< 0.001

Middle

1.17

1.13

1.22

< 0.001

1.12

1.07

1.16

< 0.001

1.08

1.04

1.13

< 0.001

Richer

1.08

1.04

1.13

< 0.001

1.05

1.01

1.09

0.008

1.03

1.00

1.07

0.087

Type of place of residence

Urban®

Rural

0.97

0.94

0.99

0.011

0.97

0.95

1.00

0.021

0.95

0.93

0.98

< 0.001

Behavioral variables

Mass media exposure

No®

Low

0.95

0.93

0.97

< 0.001

0.96

0.94

0.99

0.001

Medium

0.88

0.85

0.91

< 0.001

0.95

0.92

0.98

0.001

High

0.80

0.74

0.86

< 0.001

0.90

0.83

0.97

0.008

Frequency of eating egg

Never®

Frequently

1.04

1.00

1.08

0.080

Occasionally

1.00

0.97

1.04

0.848

Frequency of eating fish

Never®

Frequently

1.12

1.07

1.17

< 0.001

1.13

1.11

1.16

< 0.001

Occasionally

1.14

1.10

1.19

< 0.001

1.14

1.12

1.17

< 0.001

Frequency of eating chicken

Never®

Frequently

0.98

0.94

1.03

0.507

Occasionally

0.98

0.94

1.03

0.458

Current contraceptive use

No or traditional®

Modern

0.93

0.91

0.95

< 0.001

0.92

0.90

0.94

< 0.001

Alcohol consumption

No®

Yes

1.04

0.99

1.10

0.147

Health related variables

Body Mass Index

Normal weight®

Underweight

1.20

1.18

1.23

< 0.001

Overweight

0.81

0.79

0.84

< 0.001

Obese

0.84

0.80

0.88

< 0.001

Currently having diabetes

No®

Yes

0.94

0.87

1.02

0.131

Currently amenorrheic

No®

Yes

1.13

1.09

1.18

< 0.001

Year

NFHS 4®

NFHS 5

1.19

1.17

1.22

< 0.001

Tests for model fit

AIC

297463.05

297217.37

296238.72

BIC

-3792.79

-3933.39

-4893.40

Log likelihood

-148696.53

-148556.68

-148064.36

Hosmer-Lemeshow chi²

39.11 (p-value: 0.042)

46.11 (p-value: 0.059)

41.59 (p-value: 0.093)