Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Aspirational Districts of India: an analysis of NFHS 4 and NFHS 5 data

Let, Subhojit; Tiwari, Seema; Singh, Aditya; Chakrabarty, Mahashweta

doi:10.1186/s12889-024-17789-3

Table 3 Prevalence of anaemia among WRA (15–49 years) by background characteristics in Aspirational Districts of India, NFHS-4 and NFHS-5.

From: Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Aspirational Districts of India: an analysis of NFHS 4 and NFHS 5 data

	NFHS 4 (2015-16)		NFHS 5 (2019-21)
Background characteristics	Prevalence of anaemia (Weighted %)	95% CI [Lower, Upper]	Prevalence of anaemia (Weighted %)	95% CI [Lower, Upper]
Biodemographic and socioeconomic variables
Age (in years)	χ² = 14.61, p-value: 0.0273		χ² = 28.06, p-value: 0.0004
15–19	58.7	[57.7,59.6]	62.4	[61.4,63.3]
20–29	59.3	[58.6,60.1]	61.3	[60.6,62.1]
30–39	57.9	[57.1,58.7]	60.2	[59.4,61.0]
40–49	58.6	[57.7,59.5]	60.5	[59.5,61.4]
Marital status	χ² = 33.69, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 15.30, p-value: 0.0078
Currently married	58.9	[58.3,59.4]	60.8	[60.2,61.4]
Not married	57.5	[56.6,58.4]	61.4	[60.5,62.3]
Formerly married	61.8	[59.9,63.7]	63.6	[61.8,65.4]
Parity	χ² = 46.63, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 13.91, p-value: 0.0393
No child	57.2	[56.4,58.0]	60.5	[59.7,61.3]
1–2 children	58.9	[58.2,59.8]	60.9	[60.1,61.6]
3–4 children	59.6	[58.8,60.4]	61.9	[60.1,62.7]
5 and above	59.6	[58.4,60.7]	61.2	[59.9,62.5]
Breastfeeding status	χ² = 266.66, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 167.05, p-value: <0.001
Not breastfeeding	57.5	[56.9,58.1]	60.1	[59.5,60.7]
Breastfeeding	63.4	[62.5,64.3]	65.1	[64.1,65.9]
Pregnancy status	χ² = 6.54, p-value: 0.0475		χ² = 22.66, p-value: 0.0003
Not pregnant	58.8	[58.2,59.3]	61.2	[60.6,61.8]
Pregnant	57.1	[55.5,58.7]	57.9	[56.1,59.7]
Level of education	χ² = 346.51, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 119.79, p-value: <0.001
No education	61.9	[60.9,62.3]	62.6	[61.8,63.4]
Primary	58.6	[57.5,59.8]	60.9	[59.9,61.1]
Secondary	56.9	[56.1,57.6]	60.8	[60.1,61.5]
Higher	52.7	[51.0,54.3]	56.8	[55.4,58.1]
Social groups	χ² = 966.08, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 703.49, p-value: <0.001
SC	59.7	[58.6,60.8]	61.3	[60.3,62.3]
ST	66.9	[65.9,67.9]	68.9	[67.9,69.9]
OBC	57.4	[56.6,58.1]	58.6	[57.8,59.3]
Others	51.9	[50.8,53.1]	58.5	[57.2,59.8]
Religion	χ² = 215.24, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 118.05, p-value: <0.001
Hindu	59.2	[58.6,59.8]	61.4	[60.8,62.0]
Muslim	53.6	[52.3,54.9]	57.0	[55.5,58.5]
Christian	60.9	[58.3,63.4]	62.8	[60.3,65.3]
Others	64.2	[60.8,67.5]	65.1	[62.8,67.4]
Household wealth	χ² = 610.72, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 556.82, p-value: <0.001
Poorest	62.9	[62.1,63.6]	64.7	[63.9,65.6]
Poorer	58.6	[57.6,59.5]	61.9	[61.0,62.7]
Middle	57.3	[56.2,58.3]	59.3	[58.2,60.4]
Richer	53.8	[52.6,55.1]	57.3	[56.1,58.4]
Richest	52.9	[51.2,54.6]	53.7	[52.1,55.3]
Type of place of residence	χ² = 120.49, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 89.87, p-value: <0.001
Urban	55.4	[54.2,56.7]	58.1	[56.7,59.5]
Rural	59.5	[58.8,60.1]	61.7	[61.1,62.3]
Behavioral variables
Mass media exposure	χ² = 314.73, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 179.13, p-value: <0.001
No	61.6	[60.8,62.3]	63.7	[62.9,64.5]
Low	58.8	[58.1,59.5]	59.8	[58.2,60.5]
Medium	55.1	[54.1,56.2]	58.5	[57.1,59.1]
High	52.8	[50.6,55.1]	0.00	0.00
Frequency of eating egg	χ² = 159.04, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 62.01, p-value: <0.001
Never	55.5	[54.6,56.5]	59.0	[58.1,60.0]
Frequently	59.2	[58.3,60.0]	61.2	[60.5,61.9]
Occasionally	60.2	[59.5,60.9]	62.2	[61.4,63.0]
Frequency of eating fish	χ² = 281.25, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 112.13, p-value: <0.001
Never	54.8	[53.9,55.8]	58.3	[57.4,59.3]
Frequently	58.8	[57.9,59.8]	61.8	[60.9,62.6]
Occasionally	60.8	[60.1,61.5]	62.1	[61.3,62.9]
Frequency of eating chicken	χ² = 217.46, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 78.49, p-value: <0.001
Never	54.9	[54.1,55.9]	58.9	[58.0,59.9]
Frequently	59.4	[58.4,60.3]	61.0	[60.2,61.9]
Occasionally	60.2	[59.5,60.9]	62.3	[61.6,63.1]
Current contraceptive use	χ² = 21.66, p-value: 0.0009		χ² = 38.64, p-value: <0.001
No or traditional	59.1	[58.5,59.7]	61.8	[61.2,62.5]
Modern	57.7	[56.8,58.5]	59.9	[59.2,60.7]
Alcohol consumption	χ² = 56.01, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 65.08, p-value: <0.001
No	58.5	[58.0,59.1]	60.9	[60.4,61.5]
Yes	65.9	[63.4,68.3]	71.7	[69.0,74.3]
Health related variables
Body Mass Index	χ² = 621.14, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 438.68, p-value: <0.001
Underweight	62.9	[61.1,63.6]	65.0	[64.1,65.9]
Normal weight	58.4	[57.7,59.0]	61.1	[60.5,61.7]
Overweight	50.7	[49.4,52.0]	54.9	[53.7,56.1]
Obese	51.3	[48.5,54.0]	55.4	[53.1,57.6]
Currently having diabetes	χ² = 25.63, p-value: 0.0009		χ² = 10.29, p-value: 0.0493
No	58.8	[58.2,59.3]	61.1	[60.5,61.7]
Yes	51.7	[47.9,55.5]	57.2	[53.8,60.5]
Don’t know	58.6	[54.9,62.1]	59.8	[54.5,64.9]
Currently amenorrheic	χ² = 131.09, p-value: <0.001		χ² = 95.91, p-value: <0.001
No	58.2	[57.7,58.8]	60.7	[60.2,61.3]
Yes	64.9	[63.5,66.3]	67.4	[65.8,68.9]
Year	58.7	[58.1,59.2]	61.1	[60.5,61.6]

Note: Chi-square test applied for each variable, CI: Confidence interval

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