Table 2 Background characteristics of WRA (15–49 years) in Aspirational Districts of India, NFHS-4 and NFHS-5.
| Â | NFHS-4 (2015-16) | NFHS-5 (2019-21) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Background characteristics | Frequency (N = 114,444) | % | Frequency (N = 108,782) | % |
Biodemographic and socioeconomic variables | ||||
Age (in years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
15–19 | 21,856 | 19.1 | 20,459 | 18.8 |
20–29 | 39,256 | 34.3 | 36,834 | 33.9 |
30–39 | 29,767 | 26.0 | 28,609 | 26.3 |
40–49 | 23,565 | 20.6 | 22,881 | 21.0 |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Currently married | 85,214 | 74.5 | 79,528 | 73.1 |
Not married | 24,554 | 21.5 | 25,120 | 23.1 |
Formerly married | 4,676 | 4.1 | 4,134 | 3.8 |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No children | 33,869 | 29.6 | 32,884 | 30.2 |
1–2 children | 37,749 | 32.9 | 37,253 | 34.3 |
3–4 children | 29,887 | 26.1 | 28,895 | 26.6 |
5 and above | 12,939 | 11.3 | 9,751 | 8.9 |
Breastfeeding status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not breastfeeding | 91,317 | 79.8 | 88,554 | 81.4 |
Breastfeeding | 23,127 | 20.2 | 20,228 | 18.6 |
Pregnancy status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not pregnant | 108,276 | 94.6 | 103,659 | 95.3 |
Pregnant | 6,168 | 5.4 | 5,123 | 4.7 |
Level of education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No education | 46,167 | 40.3 | 36,918 | 33.9 |
Primary | 14,486 | 12.7 | 13,248 | 12.2 |
Secondary | 45,474 | 39.7 | 48,087 | 44.2 |
Higher | 8,317 | 7.3 | 10,530 | 9.7 |
Social groups | Â | Â | Â | Â |
SC | 20,309 | 17.8 | 21,648 | 19.9 |
ST | 20,834 | 18.2 | 20,352 | 18.7 |
OBC | 55,227 | 48.3 | 50,405 | 46.3 |
Others | 18,074 | 15.8 | 16,377 | 15.1 |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hindu | 93,563 | 81.8 | 90,425 | 83.1 |
Muslim | 14,612 | 12.8 | 12,666 | 11.6 |
Christian | 2,619 | 2.3 | 2,554 | 2.4 |
Others | 3,650 | 3.2 | 3,136 | 2.9 |
Household wealth | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | 40,886 | 35.7 | 37,876 | 34.8 |
Poorer | 27,090 | 23.7 | 26,730 | 24.6 |
Middle | 20,041 | 17.5 | 19,557 | 17.9 |
Richer | 15,233 | 13.3 | 15,060 | 13.8 |
Richest | 11,194 | 9.8 | 9,559 | 8.8 |
Type of place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 22,226 | 19.4 | 20,344 | 18.7 |
Rural | 92,218 | 80.6 | 88,438 | 81.3 |
Behavioral variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mass media exposure | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 38,302 | 33.5 | 38,510 | 35.4 |
Low | 46,040 | 40.2 | 59,664 | 54.9 |
Medium | 26,832 | 23.5 | 10,609 | 9.8 |
High | 3,270 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.00 |
Frequency of eating egg | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never | 27,410 | 23.9 | 24,156 | 22.2 |
Frequently | 41,795 | 36.5 | 47,286 | 43.5 |
Occasionally | 45,239 | 39.5 | 37,340 | 34.3 |
Frequency of eating fish | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never | 29,809 | 26.1 | 26,922 | 24.8 |
Frequently | 33,777 | 29.5 | 38,277 | 35.2 |
Occasionally | 50,858 | 44.4 | 43,583 | 40.1 |
Frequency of eating chicken | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Never | 27,975 | 24.4 | 26,367 | 24.2 |
Frequently | 34,130 | 29.8 | 38,594 | 35.5 |
Occasionally | 52,339 | 45.7 | 43,820 | 40.3 |
Current contraceptive use | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No use or traditional method | 78,293 | 68.4 | 64,653 | 59.4 |
Modern | 36,151 | 31.6 | 44,127 | 40.6 |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 111,887 | 97.8 | 107,435 | 98.8 |
Yes | 2,557 | 2.2 | 1,347 | 1.2 |
Health related variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Body Mass Index | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Underweight | 32,911 | 28.8 | 25,695 | 23.6 |
Normal weight | 66,478 | 58.1 | 65,774 | 60.5 |
Overweight | 11,691 | 10.2 | 13,389 | 12.3 |
Obese | 3,364 | 2.9 | 3,925 | 3.6 |
Currently having diabetes | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 111,911 | 97.8 | 106,695 | 98.1 |
Yes | 1,254 | 1.1 | 1,552 | 1.4 |
Don’t know | 1,278 | 1.1 | 534 | 0.5 |
Currently amenorrheic | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 106,769 | 93.3 | 103,386 | 95.0 |
Yes | 7,675 | 6.7 | 5,396 | 4.9 |