Table 2 Socio‐demographic characteristics of the sample population and prevalence of anaemia among children 6–59 months by characteristics of the study population, EDHS 2005–2016 (n = 21,918)

Environmental factors

Sanitation facility

 Improved

2,140

10.1

948 (8.9)

36.0 (31.4–40.9)

38.6 (36.1–41.1)

58.5 (55.7–61.2)

46.2 (44.4–47.9)

 Unimproved

9,591

44.3

4,572 (42.8)

44.5 (41.3–47.7)

40.0 (38.3–41.8)

53.7 (51.9–55.4)

46.7 (45.5–47.9)

 Open defecation

9,878

45.6

5,162 (48.3)

48.4 (46.5–50.4)

53.8 (52.4–55.3)

66.7 (65.1–68.3)

56.7 (55.7–57.6)

Type of cooking fuel

 Clean fuels

298

1.4

135 (1.3)

46.3 (10.4–86.5)

24.7 (13.9–40.1)

48.9 (42.8–55.2)

41.8 (37.2–46.5)

 Solid fuels

21,359

98.6

10,547 (98.7)

47.6 (46.1–49.1)

42.7 (41.7–43.8)

57.7 (56.6–58.8)

51.9 (51.3–52.7)

Housing status

 Built from finished materials

452

2.1

175 (1.6)

26.8 (18.9–36.5)

34.1 (29.7–38.7)

56.1 (51.5–60.4)

43.8 (40.7–46.8)

 Built from natural or unfinished materials

21,458

97.9

10,638 (98.4)

46.7 (45.1–48.3)

47.5 (46.5–48.6)

60.4 (59.3–61.5)

52.1 (51.4–52.8)

Source of drinking water

 Improved

10,006

46.2

4,788 (44.8)

46.5 (44.7–48.2)

42.0 (40.3–43.8)

57.7 (55.9–59.5)

48.6 (47.5–49.6)

 Unimproved

11,643

53.8

5,893 (55.2)

45.5 (42.0–49.0)

49.5 (48.2–50.8)

61.6 (60.2–62.9)

54.3 (53.4–55.2)

Time to get a water source

 On-premises

1,537

7.0

637 (5.9)

31.7 (26.3–37.6)

38.7 (35.4–42.1)

54.6 (51.7–57.4)

46.2 (44.1–48.3)

  ≤ 30 min

12,282

56.0

6,046 (55.9)

46.3 (44.2–48.4)

43.7 (42.2–45.2)

59.4 (57.7–60.9)

49.9 (48.9–50.9)

 31–60 min

4,663

21.3

2,385 (22.1)

47.6 (43.8–51.4)

47.2 (44.9–49.5)

62.7 (60.1–65.1)

53.1 (51.5–54.6)

  > 60 min

3,435

15.7

1,745 (16.1)

50.1 (46.4–53.7)

56.4 (54.3–58.6)

64.2 (61.7–66.8)

57.9 (56.4–59.4)

Child factors

Sex

 Male

11,220

51.2

5,547 (51.3)

47.4 (45.2–49.6)

47.3 (45.8–48.7)

60.6 (59.0–62.1)

52.3 (51.4–53.3)

 Female

10,698

48.8

5,267 (48.7)

45.1 (42.8–47.3)

46.5 (45.0–47.9)

59.7 (58.1–61.2)

51.1 (50.1–52.1)

Age (in categories)

 6–11

2,481

11.3

1,676 (15.5)

56.2 (51.5–60.8)

61.9 (58.9–64.9)

77.9 (75.0–80.6)

66.7 (64.7–68.6)

 12–23

4,716

21.6

2,961 (27.4)

60.1 (56.8–63.3)

59.5 (57.2–61.7)

72.6 (70.4–74.6)

64.8 (63.4–66.2)

 24–35

4,629

21.2

2,308 (21.4)

44.5 (41.2–47.9)

49.6 (47.4–51.8)

62.7 (60.4–65.0)

53.6 (52.1–55.1)

 36–59

10,028

45.9

3,851 (35.7)

37.8 (35.6–40.1)

36.4 (34.9–37.9)

48.4 (46.7–50.1)

41.0 (40.0–42.0)

Birth interval

  < 33 months

15,046

68.6

7,594 (70.2)

45.9 (44.0–47.8)

47.5 (46.3–48.7)

62.2 (60.9–63.5)

52.7 (51.9–53.5)

  ≥ 33 months

6,872

31.4

3,219 (29.8)

46.9 (44.2–49.7)

45.5 (43.6–47.4)

55.3 (53.2–57.3)

49.4 (48.1–50.6)

Size of a child at birth

 Larger

7,029

32.2

3,532 (32.7)

47.8 (45.0–50.7)

45.7 (43.8–47.6)

57.8 (55.8–59.8)

50.7 (49.4–51.9)

 Average

8,867

40.6

4,229 (39.2)

45.8 (43.4–48.3)

44.9 (43.3–46.5)

58.6 (56.9–60.3)

50.4 (49.3–51.5)

 Small

5,950

27.2

3,025 (28.1)

45.2 (42.2–48.2)

50.7 (48.9–52.6)

65.6 (63.5–67.7)

54.9 (53.6–56.1)

Currently breastfeeding

 Yes

15,491

70.7

8,102 (74.9)

48.9 (47.0–50.7)

49.8 (48.5–51.1)

62.5 (61.2–63.9)

54.2 (53.4–55.0)

 No

6,427

29.3

2,712 (25.1)

39.5 (36.7–42.4)

41.1 (39.3–42.8)

55.8 (54.0–57.7)

46.8 (45.6–47.9)

Full vaccination

 Yes

4,255

24.5

2,013 (22.9)

43.4 (39.5–47.2)

40.0 (38.0–41.9)

61.9 (59.5–64.3)

48.1 (46.6–49.5)

 No

13,129

75.5

6,781 (77.1)

47.7 (45.9–49.5)

49.8 (48.5–51.0)

73.7 (72.0–75.4)

54.6 (53.7–55.5)

Diarrhoea

 Yes

3,199

14.6

1,776 (16.4)

54.2 (50.5–57.8)

54.7 (52.1–57.2)

63.9 (60.8–66.9)

57.4 (55.6–59.1)

 No

18,688

85.4

9,028 (83.6)

44.5 (42.8–46.2)

45.4 (44.3–46.6)

59.5 (58.4–60.7)

50.7 (50.0–51.5)

Received deworming medication in the last 6 months

 Yes

3,037

13.8

1,303 (12.1)

-

39.9 (37.7–42.2)

53.6 (50.6–56.7)

44.8 (43.0–46.7)

 No

18,881

86.1

9,510 (87.9)

46.2 (44.7–47.8)

48.6 (47.5–49.8)

61.1 (59.9–62.3)

52.8 (52.1–53.5)

Iron supplementation

 Yes

1,356

6.2

652 (6.0)

-

46.6 (43.2–50.1)

55.4 (51.4–59.3)

50.4 (47.8–52.9)

 No

20,562

93.8

10,161 (94.0)

46.2 (44.7–47.8)

46.9 (45.8–48.0)

60.5 (59.4–61.7)

51.8 (51.1–52.5)

Vitamin A last 6 months

 Yes

10,834

50.4

5,106 (48.1)

46.8 (44.5–49.2)

43.6 (42.3–45.0)

56.9 (55.3–58.6)

48.9 (48.0–49.9)

 No

10,681

49.6

5,509 (51.9)

45.4 (43.3–47.6)

50.9 (49.4–52.5)

63.1 (61.6–64.7)

54.6 (53.6–55.5)

Parental factors

Mother's age

  < 18

106

0.5

56 (0.5)

52.9 (29.6–75.1)

49.0 (35.6–62.6)

77.8 (61.2–88.6)

59.6 (49.9–68.6)

 18–24

4,668

21.3

2,452 (21.3)

47.6 (44.3–50.9)

48.9 (46.7–51.1)

64.3 (62.0–66.4)

54.4 (53.0–55.9)

 25–34

11,536

52.6

5,684 (52.6)

45.3 (43.1–47.5)

46.8 (45.4–48.2)

60.5 (59.0–62.0)

51.7 (50.7–52.7)

  ≥ 35

5,609

25.6

2,621 (25.6)

46.7 (43.7–49.8)

45.3 (43.2–47.3)

55.1 (52.8–57.3)

49.1 (47.8–50.5)

Mother's education

 No education

15,457

70.5

7,730 (71.5)

47.2 (45.4–49.0)

49.4 (48.1–50.4)

62.5 (61.1–63.8)

53.5 (52.7–54.3)

 Primary and above

6,461

29.5

3,083 (28.5)

42.9 (39.7–46.2)

41.0 (39.2–42.9)

55.7 (53.8–57.6)

47.6 (46.4–48.9)

Mother's currently working

 Yes

6,674

30.5

3,137 (29.0)

48.0 (44.8–51.2)

41.5 (39.7–43.4)

53.9 (51.8–55.9)

47.1 (45.8–48.4)

 No

15,238

69.5

7,675 (71.0)

45.6 (43.8–47.5)

49.2 (48.0–50.5)

62.6 (61.3–63.8)

53.5 (52.7–54.4)

Maternal stature

 Normal/Tall (> = 155 cm)

13,517

61.7

6,663 (61.6)

46.0 (44.1–47.9)

46.6 (45.3–47.9)

61.2 (59.8–62.5)

52.1 (51.3–53.0)

 Short (145 to 154.9 cm)

7,860

35.9

3,861 (35.7)

47.3 (44.6–50.1)

47.6 (45.8–49.3)

57.1 (55.1–59.1)

50.9 (49.7–52.1)

 Very short (< 145 cm)

540

2.5

289 (2.7)

36.7 (27.3–47.4)

44.4 (37.6–51.4)

71.3 (63.1–78.3)

51.5 (46.7–56.3)

Maternal BMI (kg/m²)

  < 18.5

4,608

21.0

2,437 (22.5)

50.8 (47.6–54.1)

52.0 (50.1–54.0)

65.4 (63.2–67.5)

56.7 (55.3–58.0)

 18.5 to 24.9

16,263

74.2

7,909 (73.2)

45.3 (43.4–47.1)

45.7 (44.4–46.9)

58.6 (57.3–59.9)

50.4 (49.5–51.2)

 25 + 

1,034

4.7

463 (4.3)

37.5 (30.5–45.2)

37.1 (33.1–41.4)

56.5 (52.6–60.2)

46.6 (43.9–49.3)

Listening to radio

 Yes

8,246

37.6

3,824 (35.4)

42.8 (40.2–45.5)

44.6 (43.0–46.2)

54.2 (51.9–56.5)

46.7 (45.6–47.9)

 Not at all

13,665

62.4

6,985 (64.4)

48.0 (46.1–49.9)

48.6 (47.3–50.0)

61.9 (60.7–63.2)

54.3 (53.5–55.1)

Watching television

 Yes

4,738

21.6

2,076 (19.2)

32.3 (27.9–37.1)

39.0 (37.2–40.9)

53.3 (50.7–55.8)

43.1 (41.6–44.5)

 Not at all

17,163

78.4

8,729 (80.8)

47.9 (46.2–49.6)

50.2 (48.9–51.4)

61.8 (60.5–62.9)

54.2 (53.4–54.9)

Household factors

Wealth index

 Poor

10,002

45.6

5,352 (49.5)

49.5 (47.2–51.8)

52.3 (50.8–53.7)

66.5 (65.1–67.9)

57.5 (56.6–58.5)

 Middle

4,624

21.1

2,224 (20.6)

49.3 (45.5–53.0)

44.2 (41.6–46.8)

53.1 (50.2–55.9)

48.4 (46.7–50.1)

 Rich

7,292

33.3

3,237 (29.9)

40.6 (38.0–43.2)

40.5 (38.8–42.2)

52.3 (50.3–54.3)

44.5 (43.4–45.7)

Community-level characteristics

Residence

 Urban

2,326

10.6

915 (8.5)

32.5 (28.6–36.6)

37.1 (34.7–39.6)

54.2 (51.5–56.9)

43.2 (41.5–44.8)

 Rural

19,592

89.4

9,898 (91.5)

48.4 (46.7–50.0)

48.8 (47.7–49.9)

61.3 (60.1–62.5)

53.4 (52.6–54.1)

Region

 Agrarian

11,947

54.5

5,209 (48.1)

46.4 (44.3–48.4)

41.9 (40.7–43.3)

56.1 (54.7–57.6)

48.1 (47.3–49.1)

 Pastoralist

9,456

43.1

5,392 (49.9)

48.4 (45.4–51.5)

59.3 (57.2–61.3)

68.3 (66.2–70.3)

60.5 (59.2–61.9)

 City administration

515

2.3

213 (1.9)

41.3 (37.1–45.6)

46.2 (43.6–48.8)

63.1 (60.1–66.0)

51.3 (49.5–53.0)