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Table 2 Factors associated with not knowing the source of contamination in logistic regression analysis

From: Source of SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from a series of 584,846 cases in France from October 2020 to August 2022

 

N (%) Source: known or suspecteda (n = 273,497)

N (%) Source: not knowna (n = 309,334)

Univariable analysis OR (95% CI)

Multivariable analysis Adjusted OR (95% CI)b

Gender

 Female

188,369 (68.9)

196,638 (63.6)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 Male

85,128 (31.1)

112,696 (36.4)

1.27 (1.25–1.28)

1.19 (1.18–1.21)

Age (years)

 18 – 29

37,107 (13.6)

42,083 (13.6)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 30 – 39

67,105 (24.5)

65,969 (21.3)

0.87 (0.85–0.88)

1.05 (1.03–1.07)

 40 – 49

73,814 (27.0)

73,798 (23.9)

0.88 (0.87–0.90)

1.09 (1.07–1.09)

 50 – 59

52,519 (19.2)

66,118 (21.4)

1.10 (1.09–1.13)

1.24 (1.21–1.26)

 60 – 69

30,819 (11.3)

41,368 (13.4)

1.18 (1.16–1.21)

1.27 (1.24–1.30)

 ≥ 70

12,133 (4.4)

19,998 (6.5)

1.45 (1.41–1.50)

1.53 (1.49–1.60)

Level of education

 No high school diploma

42,035 (15.4)

57,066 (18.4)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

 High school diploma

49,528 (18.1)

56,249 (18.2)

0.84 (0.82–0.85)

0.85 (0.83–0.86)

 Bachelor's degree

95,733 (35.0)

99,859 (32.3)

0.77 (0.76–0.78)

0.75 (0.74–0.76)

 Master's degree

86,201 (31.5)

96,160 (31.1)

0.82 (0.81–0.83)

0.68 (0.67–0.69)

 Living alone

38,489 (14.1)

68,623 (22.2)

1.74 (1.71–1.76)

1.50 (1.48–1.53)

Short-distance transportation

 Bus

23,493 (8.6)

38,932 (12.6)

1.53 (1.51–1.56)

1.16 (1.14–1.19)

 Tram

12,918 (4.7)

20,155 (6.5)

1.41 (1.37–1.44)

1.10 (1.07–1.13)

 Subway

28,427 (10.4)

47,331 (15.3)

1.56 (1.53–1.58)

1.18 (1.16–1.21)

 Train

13,759 (5.0)

21,319 (6.9)

1.40 (1.37–1.43)

1.08 (1.06–1.11)

Car-pooling

 Yes

57,040 (20.8)

71,057 (30.0)

1.13 (1.11–1.15)

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

 Car-pooling with relativesc

43,631 (15.9)

54,780 (17.7)

1.14 (1.13–1.15)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

 Car-pooling booked on a platformc

1775 (0.6)

2713 (0.9)

1.37 (1.29–1.46)

1.06 (1.00–1.13)

Long-distance national or international travel

 Airplane

5461 (2.0)

12,754 (4.1)

2.11 (2.04–2.18)

1.60 (1.55–1.66)

 Train

10,971 (4.0)

18,408 (6.0)

1.51 (1.46–1.55)

1.11 (1.07–1.14)

 Bus

2571 (0.9)

5659 (1.8)

1.95 (1.86–2.05)

1.11 (1.05–1.17)

 Cruise ship

657 (0.2)

1559 (0.5)

2.06 (1.88–2.59)

1.14 (1.04–1.26)

Private gathering

 Ceremony (marriage, Funeral, etc.)

4251 (1.6)

5679 (1.8)

1.18 (1.14–1.23)

1.06 (1.02–1.11)

 Meal, without special occasion

55,675 (20.4)

62,360 (20.2)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

0.90 (0.89–0.92)

 Coffee

24,836 (9.1)

29,709 (9.6)

1.06 (1.04–1.08)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)

 Birthday

20,224 (7.4)

22,827 (7.4)

1.00 (0.98–1.02)

0.94 (0.92–0.96)

 Family or friendly party

31,579 (11.5)

32,427 (10.5)

0.90 (0.88–0.91)

0.87 (0.86–0.89)

Public gathering

 School or university

17,105 (6.3)

21,351 (6.9)

1.19 (1.16–1.23)

1.21 (1.18–1.23)

 Religious

9124 (3.3)

12,250 (4.0)

1.11 (1.09–1.13)

1.09 (1.06–1.13)

 Retail, shops

186,598 (45.2)

226,128 (54.8)

1.26 (1.25–1.28)

1.19 (1.17–1.20)

Cultural events

 Yes

28,946 (10.6)

48,961 (15.8)

1.59 (1.56–1.61)

1.33 (1.31–1.36)

 Theatred

3873 (1.4)

6301 (2.0)

1.45 (1.39–1.51)

1.13 (1.08–1.18)

 Cinemad

11,851 (4.4)

16,928 (5.5)

1.28 (1.25–1.31)

1.07 (1.05–1.10)

 Museumd

3576 (1.3)

7132 (2.3)

1.78 (1.71–1.86)

1.14 (1.09–1.19)

 Concertd

4274 (1.6)

8718 (2.8)

1.83 (1.76–1.89)

1.50 (1.44–1.56)

 Festivald

3191 (1.6)

6814 (3.0)

1.94 (1.86–2.03)

1.52 (1.45–1.58)

 Indoor sports

16,149 (5.9)

22,168 (7.2)

1.23 (1.20–1.26)

1.17 (1.14–1.19)

 Bar or restaurants

72,623 (26.6)

110,510 (35.7)

1.54 (1.52–1.55)

1.39 (1.37–1.41)

Nightclub or private parties

 Yes

26,284 (9.6)

33,732 (10.9)

1.15 (1.13–1.17)

0.98 (0.97–1.01)

 Nightclube

3188 (1.6)

8165 (3.7)

2.35 (2.26–2.45)

1.56 (1.49–1.63)

 Privates partiese

27,062 (12.2)

27,062 (12.2)

1.06 (1.04–1.07)

0.89 (0.87–0.91)

  1. a2015 participants were excluded from the model due to missing data, resulting in a total effective sample size of 582,831
  2. bMultivariable model adjusted for all variables shown in the model, as well as region of residency, population density of the place of residence, comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic respiratory disease,), body-mass index, smoking status, calendar week, housing type, history of COVID-19 and prevention measures (mask-wearing, hand-washing, physical distancing)
  3. cThe questionnaire was modified on June 29, 2021 to obtain detailed information on the type of car-pooling (with relatives or on a platform). Odds ratios for other variables are those estimated in a model containing car-pooling as a binary variable so that all observations could be kept in the model. Odds ratios for specific cultural events were estimated in a distinct multivariable model on 452,631 observations with information on the type of car-pooling (results for other estimates are not shown here)
  4. dThe questionnaire was modified on December 16, 2020, to obtain detailed information on the type of cultural event. Odds ratios for other variables are those estimated in a model containing cultural events as a binary variable so that all observations could be kept in the model. Odds ratios for specific cultural events were estimated in a distinct multivariable model on 580,025 observations with information on the type of cultural event (results for other estimates are not shown here)
  5. eThe questionnaire was modified on July 28, 2021, to detail the type of party. Odds ratios for other variables are those estimated in a model containing parties as a binary variable so that all observations could be kept in the model. Odds ratios for a specific party type (nightclub or private party) were estimated in a distinct multivariable model on 422,698 observations with information on the type of party (results for other estimates are not shown here)
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BMC Public Health

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