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Table 3 Results of generalized estimating equation of the prevalence of social isolation according to sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and health outcomes

From: Trends in the prevalence of social isolation among middle and older adults in China from 2011 to 2018: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Variables

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

OR

OR 95% CI

OR

OR 95% CI

OR

OR 95% CI

Intercept

0.268***

0.244–0.294

0.247***

0.223–0.273

0.170***

0.143–0.201

Gender

 Male

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Female

1.161***

1.094–1.232

1.116***

1.051 -1.185

1.007***

0.935 -1.084

Age (years)

 45 ~ 

1

1

1

1

1

1

 60 ~ 

2.471***

2.322–2.629

2.434***

2.285 -2.592

2.377***

2.231 -2.532

 70 ~ 

4.561***

4.213–4.939

4.435***

4.090 -4.809

4.198***

3.869 -4.555

 80 ~ 

8.702***

7.448–10.166

8.267***

7.069 -9.668

7.684***

6.570 -8.987

Educational attainment

 Primary school or below

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Middle and high school

0.614***

0.575–0.655

0.640***

0.599 -0.683

0.676***

0.632 -0.722

 College and above

0.359***

0.292–0.442

0.391***

0.317 -0.481

0.472***

0.379 -0.586

Residence

 Urban

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Rural

1.307***

1.230–1.390

1.250***

1.175 -1.330

1.213***

1.140 -1.290

Geographical location

 East

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Central

0.966

0.899–1.038

0.931

0.867 -1.001

0.925*

0.860 -0.994

 West

1.276***

1.191–1.367

1.222***

1.140 -1.310

1.199***

1.119 -1.286

Medical insurance

 Yes

1

1

1

1

1

1

 No

1.455***

1.302–1.625

1.441***

1.289 -1.612

1.432***

1.281 -1.601

Pension(income)

 Yes

1

1

1

1

1

1

 No

1.087***

1.034 -1.143

1.111***

1.057 -1.168

1.132**

1.078–1.189

 9 ~ h

1.794***

1.621–1.985

1.278***

1.145 -1.426

  

Multimorbidity

 No

  

1

1

1

1

 Yes

  

0.888***

0.838 -0.942

0.885***

0.834 -0.939

Self-rated health

 Good

  

1

1

1

1

 Fair

  

1.105**

1.037 -1.178

1.093**

1.025 -1.165

 Poor

  

1.323***

1.220 -1.435

1.272***

1.172 -1.381

Depression

 No depressive symptoms

  

1

1

1

1

 Depressive symptoms

  

1.096**

1.039 -1.157

1.087**

1.030 -1.148

 Depression

  

1.372***

1.219 -1.546

1.348***

1.196 -1.519

 BADL disability

 None

  

1

1

1

1

 Mild

  

1.121**

1.031 -1.218

1.111*

1.022 -1.207

 Severe

  

1.466***

1.324 -1.623

1.443***

1.304 -1.598

Internet use

 Yes

    

1

1

 No

    

1.632***

1.441 -1.847

Smoking

 No

    

1

1

 Yes

    

0.981

0.913 -1.053

Alcohol consumption

 No

    

1

1

 Yes

    

0.801***

0.752 -0.852

Sleep duration

 7 ~ 8 h

    

1

1

 0 ~ 5 h

    

1.230***

1.129 -1.340

 5 ~ 7 h

    

1.077*

1.004 -1.156

 8 ~ 9 h

    

1.120**

1.035 -1.211

 9 ~ h

    

1.251***

1.126 -1.391

  1. Abbreviations: OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. **p < 0.01
  4. ***p < 0.001
  5. aModel 1: Only demographic variables (age, gender, educational attainment, type of residence, geographical location, medical insurance, and pension) were included in the model
  6. bModel 2: Adding the health status variables (multimorbidity, self-rated health, and physical and mental health) based on model 1
  7. cModel 3: Adding the lifestyle factors variables (internet use, sleep duration, smoking, and alcohol consumption) based on model 2
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