Table 1 Characteristics of the participants classified as middle-aged or older adults (N = 29 788)a
Participantsb | P valued | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (N = 29 788) | Yearc | |||||||||
2011 | 2013 | 2015 | 2018 | |||||||
2011 (n = 7900) | social isolation scores ≥ 3e | 2013 (n = 7198) | social isolation scores ≥ 3e | 2015 (n = 6362) | social isolation scores ≥ 3e | 2018 (n = 8328) | social isolation scores ≥ 3e | |||
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 15159 (50.9) | 4024 (50.9) | 1513 (50.3) | 3639 (50.6) | 1213 (50.1) | 3357 (52.8) | 1241 (50.0) | 4139 (49.7) | 1615 (48.5) | 0.003 |
Female | 14629 (49.1) | 3876 (49.1) | 1496 (49.7) | 3559 (49.4) | 1210 (49.9) | 3005 (47.2) | 1243 (50.0) | 4189 (50.3) | 1714 (51.5) | |
Age (years) | ||||||||||
45 ~ | 14753 (49.5) | 4408 (55.8) | 1112 (37.0) | 3722 (51.7) | 776 (32.0) | 2904 (45.6) | 677 (27.3) | 3719 (44.7) | 868 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
60 ~ | 9543 (32.0) | 2233 (28.3) | 1088 (36.2) | 2291 (31.8) | 950 (39.2) | 2192 (34.5) | 992 (39.9) | 2827 (33.9) | 1318 (39.6) | |
70 ~ | 4504 (15.1) | 1035 (13.1) | 634 (21.1) | 981 (13.6) | 555 (22.9) | 1030 (16.2) | 634 (25.5) | 1458 (17.5) | 907 (27.2) | |
80 ~ | 988 (3.3) | 224 (2.8) | 175 (5.8) | 204 (2.8) | 142 (5.9) | 236 (3.7) | 181 (7.3) | 324 (3.9) | 236 (7.1) | |
Educational attainment | ||||||||||
Primary school or below | 18557 (62.3) | 5035 (63.7) | 2311 (76.8) | 4482 (62.3) | 1863 (76.9) | 3902 (61.3) | 1856 (74.7) | 5138 (61.7) | 2405 (72.2) | 0.002 |
Middle and high school | 10466 (35.1) | 2634 (33.3) | 658 (21.9) | 2553 (35.5) | 534 (22.0) | 2292 (36.0) | 591 (23.8) | 2987 (35.9) | 891 (26.8) | |
College and above | 765 (2.6) | 231 (2.9) | 40 (1.3) | 163 (2.3) | 26 (1.1) | 168 (2.6) | 37 (1.5) | 203 (2.4) | 33 (1.0) | |
Residence | ||||||||||
Rural | 17706 (59.4) | 4632 (58.6) | 1895 (63.0) | 4274 (59.4) | 1573 (64.9) | 3869 (60.8) | 1638 (65.9) | 4931 (59.2) | 2151 (64.6) | 0.06 |
Urban | 12082 (40.6) | 3268 (41.4) | 1114 (37.0) | 2924 (40.6) | 850 (35.1) | 2493 (39.2) | 846 (34.1) | 3397 (40.8) | 1178 (35.4) | |
Geographical location | ||||||||||
East | 11003 (36.9) | 2976 (37.7) | 1049 (34.9) | 2689 (37.4) | 893 (36.9) | 2374 (37.3) | 874 (35.2) | 2964 (35.6) | 1158 (34.8) | 0.06 |
Central | 9264 (31.1) | 2451 (31.0) | 863 (28.7) | 2234 (31.0) | 704 (29.1) | 1918 (30.1) | 682 (27.5) | 2661 (32.0) | 1008 (30.3) | |
West | 9521 (32.0) | 2473 (31.3) | 1097 (36.5) | 2275 (31.6) | 826 (34.1) | 2070 (32.5) | 928 (37.4) | 2703 (32.5) | 1163 (34.9) | |
Medical insurance | ||||||||||
Yes | 28232 (94.8) | 7382 (93.4) | 2747 (91.3) | 6964 (96.7) | 2318 (95.7) | 5773 (90.7) | 2182 (87.8) | 8113 (97.4) | 3210 (96.4) | < 0.001 |
No | 1556 (5.2) | 518 (6.6) | 262 (8.7) | 234 (3.3) | 105 (4.3) | 589 (9.3) | 302 (12.2) | 215 (2.6) | 119 (3.6) | |
Pension(income) | ||||||||||
Yes | 19057 (64.0) | 830 (10.5) | 352 (11.7) | 5879 (81.7) | 2019 (83.3) | 4856 (76.3) | 1863 (75.0) | 7492 (90.0) | 2950 (88.6) | < 0.001 |
No | 10731 (36.0) | 7070 (89.5) | 2657 (88.3) | 1319 (18.3) | 404 (16.7) | 1506 (23.7) | 621 (25.0) | 836 (10.0) | 379 (11.4) | |
Lifestyle variables | ||||||||||
Internet use | ||||||||||
Yes | 2298 (7.7) | 253 (3.2) | 34 (1.1) | 381 (5.3) | 44 (1.8) | 417 (6.6) | 53 (2.1) | 1247 (15.0) | 207 (6.2) | < 0.001 |
No | 27490 (92.3) | 7647 (96.8) | 2975 (98.9) | 6817 (94.7) | 2379 (98.2) | 5945 (93.4) | 2431 (97.9) | 7081 (85.0) | 3122 (93.8) | |
Sleep duration | ||||||||||
0 ~ 5 h | 5105 (17.1) | 1286 (16.3) | 641 (21.3) | 1187 (16.5) | 510 (21.0) | 1064 (16.7) | 512 (20.6) | 1568 (18.8) | 782 (23.5) | < 0.001 |
5 ~ 7 h | 11162 (37.5) | 2730 (34.6) | 1016 (33.8) | 2879 (40.0) | 897 (37.0) | 2278 (35.8) | 833 (33.5) | 3275 (39.3) | 1215 (39.3) | |
7 ~ 8 h | 5544 (18.6) | 1549 (19.6) | 472 (15.7) | 1435 (19.9) | 405 (16.7) | 1132 (17.8) | 370 (14.9) | 1428 (17.1) | 489 (14.7) | |
8 ~ 9 h | 5770 (19.4) | 1710 (21.6) | 612 (21.6) | 1254 (17.4) | 413 (17.0) | 1343 (21.1) | 503 (20.2) | 1463 (17.6) | 582 (17.6) | |
9 ~ h | 2207 (7.4) | 625 (7.9) | 268 (8.9) | 443 (6.2) | 198 (8.2) | 545 (8.6) | 266 (10.7) | 594 (7.1) | 261 (7.8) | |
Smoking | ||||||||||
Yes | 9422 (31.6) | 2527 (32.0) | 959 (31.9) | 2606 (36.2) | 850 (35.1) | 1878 (29.5) | 681 (27.4) | 2411 (29.0) | 938 (28.2) | < 0.001 |
No | 20366 (68.4) | 5373 (68.0) | 2050 (68.1) | 4592 (63.8) | 1573 (64.9) | 4484 (70.5) | 1803 (72.6) | 5917 (71.0) | 2391 (71.8) | |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||
Yes | 10576 (35.5) | 2691 (34.1) | 895 (29.7) | 2598 (36.1) | 748 (30.9) | 2393 (37.6) | 785 (31.6) | 2894 (34.8) | 984 (29.6) | < 0.001 |
No | 19212 (64.5) | 5209 (65.9) | 2114 (70.3) | 4600 (63.9) | 1675 (69.1) | 3969 (62.4) | 1699 (68.4) | 5434 (65.2) | 2345 (70.4) | |
Health status variables | ||||||||||
Multimorbidity | ||||||||||
Yes | 13599 (45.7) | 2989 (37.8) | 1195 (39.7) | 2993 (41.6) | 1048 (43.3) | 2828 (44.5) | 1169 (47.1) | 4789 (57.5) | 2039 (38.8) | < 0.001 |
No | 16189 (54.3) | 4911 (62.2) | 1814 (60.3) | 4205 (58.4) | 1375 (56.7) | 3534 (55.5) | 1315 (52.9) | 3539 (42.5) | 1290 (61.2) | |
Self-rated health | ||||||||||
Good | 7348 (24.7) | 1893 (24.0) | 578 (19.2) | 1789 (24.9) | 535 (22.1) | 1524 (24.0) | 515 (20.7) | 2142 (25.7) | 695 (20.9) | < 0.001 |
Fair | 15181 (51.0) | 3938 (49.8) | 1445 (48.0) | 3840 (53.3) | 1253 (51.7) | 3376 (53.1) | 1283 (51.7) | 4027 (48.4) | 1563 (47.0) | |
Poor | 7259 (24.4) | 2069 (26.2) | 986 (32.8) | 1569 (21.8) | 635 (26.2) | 1462 (23.0) | 686 (27.6) | 2159 (25.9) | 1071 (32.2) | |
Depressionf | ||||||||||
No depressive symptoms | 17214 (57.8) | 4048 (51.2) | 1334 (44.3) | 4812 (66.9) | 1517 (62.6) | 3927 (61.7) | 1476 (59.4) | 4427 (53.2) | 1678 (50.4) | < 0.001 |
Depressive symptoms | 11133 (37.4) | 3479 (44.0) | 1468 (48.8) | 2189 (30.4) | 814 (33.6) | 2131 (33.5) | 841 (33.9) | 3334 (40.0) | 1345 (40.4) | |
Depression | 1441 (4.8) | 373 (4.7) | 207 (6.9) | 197 (2.7) | 92 (3.8) | 304 (4.8) | 167 (6.7) | 567 (6.8) | 306 (9.2) | |
BADL disabilityg | ||||||||||
None | 24882 (83.5) | 6683 (84.6) | 2335 (77.6) | 6100 (84.7) | 1914 (79.0) | 5191 (81.6) | 1889 (76.0) | 6908 (82.9) | 2546 (76.5) | < 0.001 |
Mild | 2719 (9.1) | 656 (8.3) | 324 (10.8) | 649 (9.0) | 267 (11.0) | 647 (10.2) | 305 (12.3) | 767 (9.2) | 362 (10.9) | |
Severe | 2187 (7.3) | 561 (7.1) | 350 (11.6) | 449 (6.2) | 242 (10.0) | 524 (8.2) | 290 (11.7) | 653 (7.8) | 421 (12.6) | |