Table 2 Adjusted baseline odds and 8-year change in odds of social isolation, living arrangement, core discussion network size, religious services attendance, and social participation by functional hearing, vision, and dual sensory impairment status in independent multivariate generalized logistic mixed models; National Health and Aging Trends Study, 2011-2019^a

Social Isolation

 No impairment

1 [Ref.]

1 [Ref.]

 Hearing impairment

0.79

(0.67, 0.92)

0.003

1.28

(1.01, 1.62)

0.044

 Vision impairment

1.16

(0.89, 1.51)

0.277

0.96

(0.62, 1.51)

0.876

 Dual sensory impairment

1.12

(0.78, 1.62)

0.540

1.22

(0.62, 2.40)

0.561

 Domains of Social Isolation

Baseline

8-year change

Live alone

 No impairment

1 [Ref.]

1 [Ref.]

 Hearing impairment

0.93

(0.80, 1.09)

0.397

1.31

(1.07, 1.59)

0.008

 Vision impairment

1.33

(1.02, 1.74)

0.034

0.76

(0.52, 1.11)

0.157

 Dual sensory impairment

1.06

(0.72, 1.56)

0.784

1.81

(1.00, 3.26)

0.049

Small core discussion network size

 No impairment

1 [Ref.]

1 [Ref.]

 Hearing impairment

0.93

(0.83, 1.05)

0.268

1.04

(0.84, 1.29)

0.717

 Vision impairment

1.19

(0.95, 1.48)

0.130

0.74

(0.48, 1.14)

0.175

 Dual sensory impairment

0.95

(0.68, 1.31)

0.740

1.13

(0.57, 2.22)

0.726

No past month religious services attendance

 No impairment

1 [Ref.]

1 [Ref.]

 Hearing impairment

0.83

(0.72, 0.96)

0.010

1.10

(0.93, 1.29)

0.257

 Vision impairment

0.99

(0.77, 1.28)

0.967

1.12

(0.81, 1.55)

0.476

 Dual sensory impairment

1.09

(0.76, 1.54)

0.649

1.58

(0.96, 2.61)

0.071

No past month social participation

 No impairment

1 [Ref.]

1 [Ref.]

 Hearing impairment

0.79

(0.69, 0.89)

0.000

1.38

(1.14, 1.67)

0.001

 Vision impairment

1.02

(0.81, 1.28)

0.885

1.44

(0.97, 2.14)

0.070

 Dual sensory impairment

1.19

(0.84, 1.70)

0.321

1.54

(0.80, 2.94)

0.196