Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the UK Biobank participants (N = 460,872) with all-cause dementia in accordance with the quintiles of air pollution score
| Â | Air Pollution Score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (39.22, 49.82) | Q2 (49.82, 54.61) | Q3 (49.82, 54.61) | Q4 (58.38, 63.09) | Q5 (63.09, 157.77) | |
Follow-up duration, years | 12.5 (1.7) | 12.5 (1.8) | 12.4 (1.8) | 12.4 (1.9) | 12.4 (2) |
Age, years | 57.8 (7.8) | 57.6 (8) | 57.3 (8.1) | 56.7 (8.2) | 56 (8.3) |
Sex, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Male | 41,958 (45.5) | 41,927 (45.5) | 41,992 (45.6) | 41,999 (45.6) | 42,611 (46.2) |
 Female | 50,217 (54.5) | 50,247 (54.5) | 50,183 (54.4) | 50,175 (54.4) | 49,563 (53.8) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 White | 90,489 (98.2) | 89,140 (96.7) | 87,659 (95.1) | 84,528 (91.7) | 80,639 (87.5) |
 Non-white | 1,686 (1.8) | 3,034 (3.3) | 4,516 (4.9) | 7,646 (8.3) | 11,535 (12.5) |
TDI | -2.9 (2) | -2.4 (2.5) | -1.8 (2.7) | -0.8 (2.8) | 1.2 (3.3) |
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 (4.5) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.8) | 27.6 (4.9) | 27.6 (5.1) |
MET | 2711.2 (2725.6) | 2643.5 (2681.8) | 2664.6 (2723.2) | 2679.8 (2757.2) | 2639.9 (2724) |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) |
SBP, mmHg | 140.3 (21.3) | 139.8 (21.2) | 139.5 (21.3) | 139.3 (21.9) | 138.3 (22.5) |
DBP, mmHg | 83.6(13) | 83.4 (13) | 83.4(13.1) | 83.6(13.7) | 83.6(14.5) |
NO, µg/m3 | 27 (4.6) | 36.4 (4.1) | 42.3 (4.1) | 48.6 (4.7) | 65.8 (17.3) |
NO2, µg/m3 | 17.2 (2.7) | 22.7 (2.3) | 26.3 (2.4) | 29.9 (2.5) | 37.2 (6.3) |
PM2.5, µg/m3 | 8.7 (0.4) | 9.5 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.3) | 10.4 (0.4) | 11.5 (0.9) |
PM10, µg/m3 | 14.3 (1.6) | 15.8 (1.3) | 16.4 (1.3) | 16.9 (1.5) | 17.8 (1.8) |
PM2.5−10, µg/m3 | 6.2 (0.8) | 6.2 (0.8) | 6.3 (0.8) | 6.5 (0.9) | 6.9 (1) |
Air Pollution Score | 45.4 (3.1) | 52.4 (1.4) | 56.5 (1.1) | 60.5 (1.3) | 69.7 (7.1) |
Employment, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Yes | 51,544 (55.9) | 51,653 (56) | 52,611 (57.1) | 54,419 (59) | 55,579 (60.3) |
 No | 40,631 (44.1) | 40,521 (44) | 39,564 (42.9) | 37,755 (41) | 36,595 (39.7) |
Education, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤7 years | 12,286 (13.3) | 15,254 (16.5) | 16,975 (18.4) | 17,504 (19) | 17,728 (19.2) |
 8 ~ 10 years | 15,380 (16.7) | 16,755 (18.2) | 16,897 (18.3) | 16,333 (17.7) | 14,575 (15.8) |
 11 ~ 15 years | 18,122 (19.7) | 17,222 (18.7) | 16,250 (17.6) | 15,391 (16.7) | 14,285 (15.5) |
 ≥16 years | 46,387 (50.3) | 42,943 (46.6) | 42,053 (45.6) | 42,946 (46.6) | 45,586 (49.5) |
Income, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 <£18,000 | 16,289 (17.7) | 20,688 (22.4) | 23,730 (25.7) | 25,607 (27.8) | 29,222 (31.7) |
 £18,000~£52,000 | 48,135 (52.2) | 48,790 (52.9) | 48,031 (52.1) | 46,472 (50.4) | 42,733 (46.4) |
 £52,000~£100,000 | 21,389 (23.2) | 18,359 (19.9) | 16,859 (18.3) | 16,296 (17.7) | 15,040 (16.3) |
 >£100,000 | 6,362 (6.9) | 4,337 (4.7) | 3,555 (3.9) | 3,799 (4.1) | 5,179 (5.6) |
Smoke, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Never | 53,418 (58) | 52,007 (56.4) | 50,760 (55.1) | 49,659 (53.9) | 46,580 (50.5) |
 Previous | 31,956 (34.7) | 32,267 (35) | 32,088 (34.8) | 31,825 (34.5) | 32,245 (35) |
 Current | 6,801 (7.4) | 7,900 (8.6) | 9,327 (10.1) | 10,690 (11.6) | 13,349 (14.5) |
Drink, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Never | 2,737 (3) | 3,510 (3.8) | 4,215 (4.6) | 4,957 (5.4) | 6,048 (6.6) |
 Previous | 2,524 (2.7) | 2,878 (3.1) | 3,278 (3.6) | 3,548 (3.8) | 4,285 (4.6) |
 Current | 86,914 (94.3) | 85,786 (93.1) | 84,682 (91.9) | 83,669 (90.8) | 81,841 (88.8) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 23,728 (25.7) | 25,210 (27.4) | 25,650 (27.8) | 25,800 (28) | 25,727 (27.9) |
Diabetes, n (%) | 3,697 (4) | 4,483 (4.9) | 4,785 (5.2) | 5,194 (5.6) | 5,659 (6.1) |
CVD, n (%) | 12,740 (13.8) | 13,850 (15) | 14,274 (15.5) | 14,477 (15.7) | 14,642 (15.9) |
CAD, n (%) | 10,375 (11.3) | 11,476 (12.5) | 11,822 (12.8) | 12,025 (13) | 12,026 (13) |
Stroke, n (%) | 3,281 (3.6) | 3,517 (3.8) | 3,636 (3.9) | 3,658 (4) | 3,932 (4.3) |